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通讯作者:

辛钟成,E-mail: xinzc@bjmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R622

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.06.011

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目录contents

    摘要

    人脱细胞异体真皮(HADM)是由人体皮肤真皮和基底膜的细胞外基质组成的三维框架结构。其特殊的生物学特性可抑制纤维化发生并诱导成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞和组织干细胞等宿主细胞迁移、定植于HADM框架内,促进新生血管、肌肉和皮肤等组织再生。目前,HADM已被广泛用于烧伤创面修复、泌尿生殖整形和乳房重建等治疗中,并取得良好效果。本文就HADM的主要生物学调控机制和临床应用研究进展做一综述。

  • 人脱细胞异体真皮(human acellular dermal mantrix,HADM)是一种可降解生物材料,通过特殊工艺将人体真皮和基底膜的细胞组分去除,保留了细胞外基质的三维框架结构和功能,具有避免二次手术摘除和材料相关长期健康风险等优势,是理想的软组织修复和整形材料[1]。近年来研究发现,HADM移植后引发的宿主反应能够诱导宿主细胞迁移,HADM特殊的三维框架结构为迁移细胞提供了定植平台,在宿主巨噬细胞和迁移的成纤维细胞等分泌的各种细胞因子的作用下组织干/组细胞增殖分化,促进新生血管、皮肤等组织再生,又由于其本身特殊的力学特性和生物学特性具有抑制组织纤维化的重要作用,使得移植部位组织的愈合更快,收缩率低,瘢痕轻,并且外观平整[2-4]。另外HADM可以制成不同厚度(0.2~2.0 mm),不同形态(平片状、网孔状、圆孔状)和不同面积(1~900 cm2)的产品,适用于人体不同部位软组织的修复和整形手术,使得HADM临床应用领域十分广泛。本文重点综述了目前HADM促进组织重构和再生相关机制的研究进展,以及其在泌尿生殖手术和其他治疗领域的疗效,以期为HADM在临床应用中提供理论支持和可行性参考。

  • 1 HADM制作工艺和特性

  • HADM取材于人捐献的健康皮肤,通过组织工程学技术去除表皮保留真皮和基底膜,随后脱细胞处理,保留细胞外基质成份和结构。脱细胞处理是制作工艺中的难点和重点,目的是去除复杂细胞组分,并最大限度保留细胞外基质的生物活性和结构完整性,包括胶原纤维、弹性纤维、蛋白多糖和层黏连蛋白等[5]。目前脱细胞工艺主要分为物理处理和化学处理两种方法[6],物理处理法包括机械搅拌或揉搓按摩、超声波处理以及冻融技术等,这些方法主要通过破坏细胞膜使细胞内容物释放,达到脱细胞的目的。但单纯物理方法处理后通常会有较多的细胞组分残留,不能达到临床应用标准,因此还需要与各种化学处理法,如各种生物洗涤剂洗涤或胰蛋白酶消化等方法联用,进一步去除细胞组分和细胞间连接[7]

  • HADM具有良好的组织相容性,其真皮面有利于诱导成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞等进入三维框架结构内生长,促进新生血管快速生成、成纤维细胞规则分布和功能成熟;基底膜面主要发挥为组织细胞提供支持和定植平台的作用,在局部微环境和HADM的支撑作用下组织干/祖细胞增殖分化修复受损组织。此外,HADM还具有良好的力学效应、低免疫排异反应发生率以及抑制慢性纤维化等特性,是有效治疗各种皮肤和筋膜缺损、乳房重建后挛缩以及维持组织重构和再生的重要机制[8-10]。为了解决HADM来源问题,对非人皮肤来源的材料进行了研究,如猪源脱细胞异体真皮(ADM)等,与HADM相比,猪ADM的三维空间结构致密,影响血浆营养成分的渗透和血管化进程。此外,猪真皮中Ⅰ型胶原含量高,Ⅲ型胶原和弹性纤维含量少,质地僵硬、弹性和伸展性差。另外由于种群不同,猪源ADM可能导致移植后人体的急性免疫排异反应,而这种排异反应很难被彻底消除[7]。因此,手术移植选择HADM是目前更加安全和有效的方式。

  • 2 HADM促进组织重构和再生的机制

  • 2.1 HADM植入引发的宿主反应

  • 宿主反应是指植入材料引起的机体反应,包括植入部位的局部反应和全身反应。对人体有害的宿主反应包括全身毒性、过敏、致畸、溶血等,有益的宿主反应是指植入物导致的植入部位免疫微环境等改变促进组织重构和再生,巨噬细胞在这过程中发挥关键作用[11-12]。巨噬细胞是高度可塑性细胞,可在各种微环境刺激下极化为促炎性M1和抗炎性M2两种表型。组织损伤的急性炎症阶段,M1型巨噬细胞分泌趋化因子和基质金属蛋白酶等炎症介质来启动炎症反应并招募多种细胞,如成纤维和肌成纤维细胞等[13-14]。早期炎症阶段后,巨噬细胞转向M2型,产生和分泌各种生长因子,调节成纤维细胞的生物学行为,促进血管生成和组织干/祖细胞增殖和分化,促进组织重构和再生[15-16],并最终缓解炎症反应过程[17-19]

  • 既往研究发现,不同类型材料植入后宿主反应相关的细胞成分,特别是中性粒细胞和单核细胞群显示出明显的时间和空间分布差异。Valentin等[20]发现将猪小肠黏膜基质和真皮基质生物材料植入大鼠体内,会引发持续以中性粒细胞为主导的炎症反应。相比之下,ADM移植7 d后炎症细胞逐渐转变为单核-巨噬细胞占主导的慢性炎症阶段。进一步体外研究,将单核细胞分别在角膜和ADM表面培养7 d,仅ADM表面单核细胞被驱动分化为巨噬细胞,并部分被极化为M1型巨噬细胞。培养14 d后,角膜组单核细胞未发生变化,而ADM组已出现M2型巨噬细胞群[21]。ADM促进巨噬细胞产生和极化机制目前尚未完全明确,有研究认为可能是脱细胞后ADM保留的弹性蛋白抗原位点以及由糖蛋白产生的基质因子诱发的免疫调节过程参与了上述单核细胞-巨噬细胞活化[22]。另外,获得性免疫反应也参与了植入物植入后宿主反应中巨噬细胞转化调控。树突状细胞和吞噬细胞将抗原呈递后T细胞活化产生辅助性Th1细胞和Th2细胞,两者分别通过分泌相关的促炎和抗炎细胞因子参与调节巨噬细胞极化过程[23],见图1。

  • 图1 HADM植入后宿主反应

  • 2.2 抑制慢性纤维化

  • 慢性纤维化引起的纤维膜包裹是导致植入物性能缺陷和不良事件发生的重要原因。目前,HADM已经被广泛用于抑制由皮肤烧伤等疾病导致的纤维化和瘢痕挛缩治疗,其抑制纤维化的机制与HADM的多种特性有关。

  • 植入物的弹性模量是影响宿主反应的重要因素。除了骨骼和牙齿,机体多为软组织,如皮肤、脂肪、肌肉和筋膜等,植入物与靶组织之间力学性能的不匹配往往会导致异物反应和纤维化包裹,影响植入物性能[24]。另外植入物的质地和结构也与纤维化的发展密切相关,光滑的材料更容易导致胶原纤维整齐沉积,增加纤维挛缩风险而质地粗糙又可能诱发更强的免疫反应,HADM相对粗糙的表面能够显著减少上述风险[25]。此外HADM的孔隙度较高会增加各种蛋白附着,如血管性血友病因子(von willebrand,VWF)等,能够促进新生血管生成和宿主组织细胞定植、增殖分化,促进组织重构,掩盖异物存在[26]。而HADM三维结构使得弹性蛋白和各种胶原蛋白分布更有序,胶原纤维整体密度降低,形成的纤维囊变薄,转化生长因子-β1/β2(transforming growth factor-β1/2,TGF-β1/2)表达也有所降低[27]。在这些机制的综合作用下,HADM不仅可以避免自身移植导致的纤维膜包裹,更重要的是能够抑制组织重构过程中的纤维化改变和后续瘢痕形成。

  • 2.3 促进多种细胞因子分泌

  • HADM植入手术后机体发生出血与止血过程,启动血小板激活系统,促进各种生长因子和趋化因子释放,并沉积在HADM的三维网状结构中[28]。除此之外,HADM经过脱细胞处理后,还保留了大量氨基酸序列,可被多种细胞黏附蛋白识别,介导细胞与HADM之间黏附[29]。上述机制促进了成纤维细胞和组织细胞等向HADM迁移,成纤维细胞进入HADM后,合成并释放多种细胞因子促进血管生成和组织细胞迁移,最终完全替代HADM[30]。迁移的组织细胞合成新的细胞外基质和各种生长因子,如分泌表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和转化生长因子(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等,进一步促进各类迁移细胞增殖,加速创面血管化,同时诱导临近细胞合成生长因子,进一步加快上述进程。

  • 3 HADM体内转归和促进组织再生周期

  • HADM作为可降解生物材料,其降解过程开始于HADM植入后引发的炎症细胞浸润介导的固有胶原纤维部分降解。随后,HADM暴露更多抗原表位和启动上述血小板激活系统,招募宿主细胞迁移,迁移来的成纤维细胞合成和分泌细胞外基质的同时分泌胶原酶,移植后3~6个月逐步分解并替代HADM三维结构,而最终完全被替换为自体组织的时间长短不一。

  • 有研究通过将HADM植入大鼠皮肤发现,移植后3 d,在组织-植入物连接处可见新生的毛细血管芽;术后7~14 d,可观察到明显的新生血管向HADM内部延伸,以及成纤维细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及少量巨噬细胞浸润;术后21~30 d,HADM内血管和巨噬细胞数量进一步增多;术后150~180 d,HADM原有结构已基本被正常真皮结构替代[31]。然而在大型哺乳动物体内,这一过程需要相对较长的时间。在一项猪移植实验中,新生血管形成出现在ADM移植后4周,在第8周时,ADM双侧表面血管形成良好,而在第12周时,ADM与相邻的组织结构相似。在植入后4周、8周和12周,均观察到以巨噬细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润[32]。临床上HADM修复人体皮肤等组织损伤的周期可能需要6~12个月,甚至更长时间[8]

  • 4 HADM外科治疗应用

  • 1994年ADM首次被应用于临床治疗皮肤烧伤[33],最早由美国LifeCell公司开发并注册商品名为AlloDerm,拥有中国自主知识产权的HADM(注册商品名ADM-H)于1997年批准上市。此后,在各种整形和重建手术中的应用范围被逐渐扩大,尤其在泌尿生殖器官整形和损伤修复、乳房重建、烧伤及疝修复等领域中,HADM获得广泛使用。

  • 4.1 HADM在泌尿生殖手术中的应用

  • 尿道重建术常采用自体皮瓣或舌黏膜修复尿道,手术操作复杂且有坏死风险,为了克服上述困难,可将HADM缝合成管状修复切除的尿道和尿道下裂部分完成尿道重建。林健等[34]报道了15例HADM尿道修复术患者,术后46个月的随访和复诊检查确认HADM与尿道组织融合良好,仅3例患者狭窄复发,其余患者排尿功能基本正常。赵延敏等[35]也报道6例接受HADM替代治疗的先天尿道下裂患者,术后1年尿道完全黏膜化,排尿功能恢复。除上述尿道修复外,HADM在输尿管狭窄以及膀胱外翻等外科手术中的效果同样可靠,器官功能得以恢复同时且没有因为“取皮”带来额外损伤。

  • 阴茎整形是HADM重要应用领域,青春期后小阴茎、隐匿性阴茎以及阴茎短小综合征的治疗通常需要依靠外科整形,延长手术包括阴茎根部耻骨前皮肤V-W成型术、阴茎悬韧带松解术、会阴区脂肪切除术等,而增粗则需要自体脂肪、硅胶以及生物材料植入来实现。HADM因其良好的生物特性,越来越多的应用于阴茎增粗手术。HADM植入Bucks筋膜下术后自然状态下阴茎周径平均增加2.6 cm,术后3个月可正常行性生活,操作简单,术后并发症少,增粗效果好[7]

  • 4.2 HADM在非泌尿外科手术中的应用

  • 治疗大面积皮肤全层烧伤(三度烧伤)的常用方法是刃厚皮片植皮,然而皮片取材于健康、未受损皮肤,导致额外伤口,引起疼痛加重机体的负担,并可能在愈合时留下疤痕[36]。最初,ADM就是被发明用于替代皮片治疗烧伤患者。ADM覆盖皮肤缺损处后,下层组织和外周皮肤边缘可以观察到内皮和上皮细胞向ADM迁移和生长,1周内血管开始快速生成,并提供层黏连蛋白的黏附,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白促进上皮细胞分化成熟,促进损伤皮肤重构和再生[37]。人体皮肤作为重要的免疫器官具有识别和产生免疫反应清除异物的作用,而HADM良好的生物相容性和更低的免疫排异反应发生率,因此更有利于烧伤患者的皮肤缺损修复。

  • 近年来,ADM植入手术成为了异体乳房重建最常用的方式,该方法能够显著减少术后疼痛,促进组织扩张,同时能够有效对与乳房的软组织塑形,在矫正乳房位、防止植入物移位和预防包膜挛缩等方面具有良好效果,因而获得广泛使用[38]。特别对于接受放化疗的乳腺癌患者而言,由于自体组织本身状态的不佳常导致乳房重建和伤口愈合功能较差。HADM促进血管生成和组织再生同时抑制纤维化等作用使其能够在上述患者乳房重建中发挥重要作用[39]

  • HADM因其较高的机械强度能够显著降低疝复发和膨胀率。人和猪源的ADM在胶原蛋白结构在组织学上相似性较高,早期都被认为可用于疝气修复手术。但猪ADM因为胶原纤维密度高,弹性蛋白酶含量低机械强度较差,疝修补效果不佳[40-41]。同时相较于HADM,猪ADM内迁移细胞和血管浸润率低、数量少,组织重塑效率较慢,不利于术后恢复[41]。除上述疾病治疗外,HADM在牙龈缺损修补、鼻缺损修补及鼻基底填充等越来越多领域也逐渐获得关注并开展了临床应用[2]

  • 5 总结与展望

  • HADM植入后因其特有的结构、力学特性及生物学特性,具有调控巨噬细胞极化,抑制纤维化,诱导细胞迁移和分泌各种细胞因子,促进新生血管快速生成和组织干细胞增殖分化,并招募成纤维细胞分泌胶原酶和细胞外基质分解和替代HADM结构,最终实现组织重构和再生。这些研究阐述了HADM在外科整形和组织损伤修复中取得可靠疗效的部分机制。然而由于目前研究技术限制一些未完全明确的机制依旧存在,尤其是促进不同细胞迁移和调控细胞生物学行为的机制相关研究较少,深度不够。希望随着更多新技术和新方法的出现,能够为HADM更深入机制研究提供帮助,以期为HADM更多临床应用提供更多可靠的理论支撑。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Lederman ES,McLean JB,Bormann KT,et al.Histologic case series of human acellular dermal matrix in superior capsule reconstruction[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2021,30(9):2146-2155.

    • [2] Haney NM,Huang MM,Liu JL,et al.Acellular dermal matrix tissues in genitourinary reconstructive surgery:a review of the literature and case discussions[J].Sex Med Rev,2021,9(3):488-497.

    • [3] Liang NE,Griffin MF,Berry CE,et al.Attenuating chronic fibrosis:decreasing foreign body response with acellular dermal matrix[J].Tissue Eng Part B Rev,2023,29(6):671-680.

    • [4] Tao JP,Aakalu VK,Wladis EJ,et al.Bioengineered acellular dermal matrix spacer grafts for lower eyelid retraction repair:a report by the American academy of ophthalmology[J].Ophthalmology,2020,127(5):689-695.

    • [5] Nakamura N,Kimura T,Kishida A.Overview of the development,applications,and future perspectives of decellularized tissues and organs[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2017,3(7):1236-1244.

    • [6] Badylak SF.The extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,2002,13(5):377-383.

    • [7] 辛钟成,杨璧铖,李猛,等.脱细胞异体真皮在泌尿生殖疾病手术治疗中的应用[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2019,51(4):778-782.

    • [8] Gierek M,Łabuś W,Kitala D,et al.Human acellular dermal matrix in reconstructive surgery-a review[J].Biomedicines,2022,10(11):2870.

    • [9] Durando M,Ferrando PM,Dianzani C,et al.Acellular dermal matrix imaging features in breast reconstructive surgery:a pictorial review[J].Br J Radiol,2024,97(1155):505-512.

    • [10] Lu W,Qi G,Ding Z,et al.Clinical efficacy of acellular dermal matrix for plastic periodontal and implant surgery:a systematic review[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,49(8):1057-1066.

    • [11] Anderson JM,Rodriguez A,Chang DT.Foreign body reaction to biomaterials[J].Semin Immunol,2008,20(2):86-100.

    • [12] Chandorkar Y,Ravikumar K,Basu B.The foreign body response demystified[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2019,5(1):19-44.

    • [13] Wynn TA,Vannella KM.Macrophages in tissue repair,regeneration,and fibrosis[J].Immunity,2016,44(3):450-462.

    • [14] Wynn TA,Barron L.Macrophages:master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis[J].Semin Liver Dis,2010,30(3):245-257.

    • [15] Willenborg S,Lucas T,van Loo G,et al.CCR2 recruits an inflammatory macrophage subpopulation critical for angiogenesis in tissue repair[J].Blood,2012,120(3):613-625.

    • [16] Murray PJ,Wynn TA.Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2011,11(11):723-737.

    • [17] Shouval DS,Biswas A,Goettel JA,et al.Interleukin-10 receptor signaling in innate immune cells regulates mucosal immune tolerance and anti-inflammatory macrophage function[J].Immunity,2014,40(5):706-719.

    • [18] Raimondo TM,Mooney DJ.Functional muscle recovery with nanoparticle-directed M2 macrophage polarization in mice[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2018,115(42):10648-10653.

    • [19] Zigmond E,Bernshtein B,Friedlander G,et al.Macrophage-restricted interleukin-10 receptor deficiency,but not IL-10 deficiency,causes severe spontaneous colitis[J].Immunity,2014,40(5):720-733.

    • [20] Valentin JE,Badylak JS,McCabe GP,et al.Extracellular matrix bioscaffolds for orthopaedic applications.A comparative histologic study[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2006,88(12):2673-2686.

    • [21] He CM,Yang Z,Jin Y,et al.ADM scaffolds generate a pro-regenerative microenvironment during full-thickness cutaneous wound healing through M2 macrophage polarization via Lamtor1[J].Front Physiol,2018,9:657.

    • [22] Li C,Guo C,Fitzpatrick V,et al.Design of biodegradable,implantable devices towards clinical translation[J].Nat Rev Mater,2020,5(1):61-81.

    • [23] Biswas SK,Mantovani A.Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets:cancer as a paradigm[J].Nat Immunol,2010,11(10):889-896.

    • [24] Parker JB,Griffin MF,Spielman AF,et al.Exploring the overlooked roles and mechanisms of fibroblasts in the foreign body response[J].Adv Wound Care,2023,12(2):85-96.

    • [25] Doloff JC,Veiseh O,de Mezerville R,et al.The surface topography of silicone breast implants mediates the foreign body response in mice,rabbits and humans[J].Nat Biomed Eng,2021,5(10):1115-1130.

    • [26] Hernandez JL,Woodrow KA.Medical applications of porous biomaterials:features of porosity and tissue-specific implications for biocompatibility[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2022,11(9):e2102087.

    • [27] Kim IK,Park SO,Chang H,et al.Inhibition mechanism of acellular dermal matrix on capsule formation in expander-implant breast reconstruction after postmastectomy radiotherapy[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2018,25(8):2279-2287.

    • [28] 陈一宁,但卫华,但年华.脱细胞真皮基质的改性及应用概述[J].材料导报,2018,32(13):2311-2319.

    • [29] Dawson RA,Goberdhan NJ,Freedlander E,et al.Influence of extracellular matrix proteins on human keratinocyte attachment,proliferation and transfer to a dermal wound model[J].Burns,1996,22(2):93-100.

    • [30] Liu C,Sun J.A porcine acellular dermal matrix induces human fibroblasts to secrete hyaluronic acid by activating JAK2/STAT3 signalling[J].RSC Adv,2020,10(32):18959-18969.

    • [31] 谢卫国,谭红,赵超莉,等.真皮替代物移植后的血管化过程及组织学变化的实验研究[J].中华烧伤杂志,2005,21(1):37-39.

    • [32] Garcia O Jr,Scott JR.Analysis of acellular dermal matrix integration and revascularization following tissue expander breast reconstruction in a clinically relevant large-animal model[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2013,131(5):741e-751e.

    • [33] Wainwright DJ.Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix(AlloDerm)in the management of full-thickness burns[J].Burns,1995,21(4):243-248.

    • [34] 林健,郝金瑞,金杰,等.人同种异体真皮脱细胞基质在尿道重建中的临床应用[J].中华医学杂志,2005,85(15):1057-1059.

    • [35] 赵延敏,张方林,张洪亮,等.脱细胞异体真皮代替尿道治疗先天性尿道下裂6例[J].陕西医学杂志,2011,40(11):1553.

    • [36] Shorr N,Perry JD,Goldberg RA,et al.The safety and applications of acellular human dermal allograft in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery:a preliminary report[J].Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg,2000,16(3):223-230.

    • [37] Breuing KH,Warren SM.Immediate bilateral breast reconstruction with implants and inferolateral AlloDerm slings[J].Ann Plast Surg,2005,55(3):232-239.

    • [38] Sbitany H,Serletti JM.Acellular dermis-assisted prosthetic breast reconstruction:a systematic and critical review of efficacy and associated morbidity[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,128(6):1162-1169.

    • [39] Kobraei EM,Nimtz J,Wong L,et al.Risk factors for adverse outcome following skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate prosthetic reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2012,129(2):234e-241e.

    • [40] Ge LP,Zheng SQ,Wei H.Comparison of histological structure and biocompatibility between human acellular dermal matrix(ADM)and porcine ADM[J].Burns,2009,35(1):46-50.

    • [41] Campbell KT,Burns NK,Rios CN,et al.Human versus non-cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix used for ventral hernia repair:comparison of in vivo fibrovascular remodeling and mechanical repair strength[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,127(6):2321-2332.

图1 HADM植入后宿主反应

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Lederman ES,McLean JB,Bormann KT,et al.Histologic case series of human acellular dermal matrix in superior capsule reconstruction[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2021,30(9):2146-2155.

    • [2] Haney NM,Huang MM,Liu JL,et al.Acellular dermal matrix tissues in genitourinary reconstructive surgery:a review of the literature and case discussions[J].Sex Med Rev,2021,9(3):488-497.

    • [3] Liang NE,Griffin MF,Berry CE,et al.Attenuating chronic fibrosis:decreasing foreign body response with acellular dermal matrix[J].Tissue Eng Part B Rev,2023,29(6):671-680.

    • [4] Tao JP,Aakalu VK,Wladis EJ,et al.Bioengineered acellular dermal matrix spacer grafts for lower eyelid retraction repair:a report by the American academy of ophthalmology[J].Ophthalmology,2020,127(5):689-695.

    • [5] Nakamura N,Kimura T,Kishida A.Overview of the development,applications,and future perspectives of decellularized tissues and organs[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2017,3(7):1236-1244.

    • [6] Badylak SF.The extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,2002,13(5):377-383.

    • [7] 辛钟成,杨璧铖,李猛,等.脱细胞异体真皮在泌尿生殖疾病手术治疗中的应用[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2019,51(4):778-782.

    • [8] Gierek M,Łabuś W,Kitala D,et al.Human acellular dermal matrix in reconstructive surgery-a review[J].Biomedicines,2022,10(11):2870.

    • [9] Durando M,Ferrando PM,Dianzani C,et al.Acellular dermal matrix imaging features in breast reconstructive surgery:a pictorial review[J].Br J Radiol,2024,97(1155):505-512.

    • [10] Lu W,Qi G,Ding Z,et al.Clinical efficacy of acellular dermal matrix for plastic periodontal and implant surgery:a systematic review[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,49(8):1057-1066.

    • [11] Anderson JM,Rodriguez A,Chang DT.Foreign body reaction to biomaterials[J].Semin Immunol,2008,20(2):86-100.

    • [12] Chandorkar Y,Ravikumar K,Basu B.The foreign body response demystified[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2019,5(1):19-44.

    • [13] Wynn TA,Vannella KM.Macrophages in tissue repair,regeneration,and fibrosis[J].Immunity,2016,44(3):450-462.

    • [14] Wynn TA,Barron L.Macrophages:master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis[J].Semin Liver Dis,2010,30(3):245-257.

    • [15] Willenborg S,Lucas T,van Loo G,et al.CCR2 recruits an inflammatory macrophage subpopulation critical for angiogenesis in tissue repair[J].Blood,2012,120(3):613-625.

    • [16] Murray PJ,Wynn TA.Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2011,11(11):723-737.

    • [17] Shouval DS,Biswas A,Goettel JA,et al.Interleukin-10 receptor signaling in innate immune cells regulates mucosal immune tolerance and anti-inflammatory macrophage function[J].Immunity,2014,40(5):706-719.

    • [18] Raimondo TM,Mooney DJ.Functional muscle recovery with nanoparticle-directed M2 macrophage polarization in mice[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2018,115(42):10648-10653.

    • [19] Zigmond E,Bernshtein B,Friedlander G,et al.Macrophage-restricted interleukin-10 receptor deficiency,but not IL-10 deficiency,causes severe spontaneous colitis[J].Immunity,2014,40(5):720-733.

    • [20] Valentin JE,Badylak JS,McCabe GP,et al.Extracellular matrix bioscaffolds for orthopaedic applications.A comparative histologic study[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2006,88(12):2673-2686.

    • [21] He CM,Yang Z,Jin Y,et al.ADM scaffolds generate a pro-regenerative microenvironment during full-thickness cutaneous wound healing through M2 macrophage polarization via Lamtor1[J].Front Physiol,2018,9:657.

    • [22] Li C,Guo C,Fitzpatrick V,et al.Design of biodegradable,implantable devices towards clinical translation[J].Nat Rev Mater,2020,5(1):61-81.

    • [23] Biswas SK,Mantovani A.Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets:cancer as a paradigm[J].Nat Immunol,2010,11(10):889-896.

    • [24] Parker JB,Griffin MF,Spielman AF,et al.Exploring the overlooked roles and mechanisms of fibroblasts in the foreign body response[J].Adv Wound Care,2023,12(2):85-96.

    • [25] Doloff JC,Veiseh O,de Mezerville R,et al.The surface topography of silicone breast implants mediates the foreign body response in mice,rabbits and humans[J].Nat Biomed Eng,2021,5(10):1115-1130.

    • [26] Hernandez JL,Woodrow KA.Medical applications of porous biomaterials:features of porosity and tissue-specific implications for biocompatibility[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2022,11(9):e2102087.

    • [27] Kim IK,Park SO,Chang H,et al.Inhibition mechanism of acellular dermal matrix on capsule formation in expander-implant breast reconstruction after postmastectomy radiotherapy[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2018,25(8):2279-2287.

    • [28] 陈一宁,但卫华,但年华.脱细胞真皮基质的改性及应用概述[J].材料导报,2018,32(13):2311-2319.

    • [29] Dawson RA,Goberdhan NJ,Freedlander E,et al.Influence of extracellular matrix proteins on human keratinocyte attachment,proliferation and transfer to a dermal wound model[J].Burns,1996,22(2):93-100.

    • [30] Liu C,Sun J.A porcine acellular dermal matrix induces human fibroblasts to secrete hyaluronic acid by activating JAK2/STAT3 signalling[J].RSC Adv,2020,10(32):18959-18969.

    • [31] 谢卫国,谭红,赵超莉,等.真皮替代物移植后的血管化过程及组织学变化的实验研究[J].中华烧伤杂志,2005,21(1):37-39.

    • [32] Garcia O Jr,Scott JR.Analysis of acellular dermal matrix integration and revascularization following tissue expander breast reconstruction in a clinically relevant large-animal model[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2013,131(5):741e-751e.

    • [33] Wainwright DJ.Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix(AlloDerm)in the management of full-thickness burns[J].Burns,1995,21(4):243-248.

    • [34] 林健,郝金瑞,金杰,等.人同种异体真皮脱细胞基质在尿道重建中的临床应用[J].中华医学杂志,2005,85(15):1057-1059.

    • [35] 赵延敏,张方林,张洪亮,等.脱细胞异体真皮代替尿道治疗先天性尿道下裂6例[J].陕西医学杂志,2011,40(11):1553.

    • [36] Shorr N,Perry JD,Goldberg RA,et al.The safety and applications of acellular human dermal allograft in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery:a preliminary report[J].Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg,2000,16(3):223-230.

    • [37] Breuing KH,Warren SM.Immediate bilateral breast reconstruction with implants and inferolateral AlloDerm slings[J].Ann Plast Surg,2005,55(3):232-239.

    • [38] Sbitany H,Serletti JM.Acellular dermis-assisted prosthetic breast reconstruction:a systematic and critical review of efficacy and associated morbidity[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,128(6):1162-1169.

    • [39] Kobraei EM,Nimtz J,Wong L,et al.Risk factors for adverse outcome following skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate prosthetic reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2012,129(2):234e-241e.

    • [40] Ge LP,Zheng SQ,Wei H.Comparison of histological structure and biocompatibility between human acellular dermal matrix(ADM)and porcine ADM[J].Burns,2009,35(1):46-50.

    • [41] Campbell KT,Burns NK,Rios CN,et al.Human versus non-cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix used for ventral hernia repair:comparison of in vivo fibrovascular remodeling and mechanical repair strength[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,127(6):2321-2332.

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