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通讯作者:

陈业刚,E-mail: yegangchen@tmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R698+.1

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.06.001

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参考文献 18
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参考文献 21
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ衍生物YS10治疗勃起功能障碍中的作用和可能的分子机制。方法:将40只SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组:正常组(sham组),海绵体神经夹伤组(BCNI组),海绵体神经夹伤-脱水淫羊藿素治疗组(ICAⅡ组),海绵体神经夹伤-YS10治疗组(YS10组),每组10只。ICAⅡ组及YS10组分别灌胃2.5 mg/(kg·d)对应溶剂,其余组灌入等量生理盐水。4周后测定四组大鼠茎海绵体内压(ICP)、平均动脉压(MAP)及ICPmax/MAP值评价勃起功能。Masson、HE及透射电镜实验鉴定内皮细胞形态学变化。Western、ELISA检测相关内皮指标。最后验证PI3K/AKT通路。结果:与BCNI组相比,ICAⅡ组及YS10组ICPmax/MAP显著具有统计学差异(P<0.001)。Masson、HE示YS10治疗后平滑肌萎缩、胶原沉积、内皮和神经功能障碍减轻。透射电镜示ICAⅡ组与YS10组显微结构改善。Western 印迹示ICAⅡ组及YS10组α-SMA、Calponin1在内皮的表达水平显著高于BCNI组(P<0.001);ELISA示ICAⅡ组及YS10组浓度较BCNI组呈上升趋势(P<0.001);此外,ICAⅡ组与YS10组PI3K、p-AKT/AKT表达均显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:ICAⅡ组、YS110组可以修复阴茎海绵体平滑肌/胶原纤维比例失调,改善病理结构,PI3K/AKT信号通路可能在YS10和ICAⅡ恢复阴茎勃起功能中发挥作用。

    Abstract

    Objective To clarify the therapeutic role of icariside Ⅱ derivative YS10 in erectile dysfunction, as well as to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods 40 SD male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group, BCNI group, ICAⅡ group and YS10 group, 10 rats in each group. ICAⅡ and YS10 groups were given 2.5 mg/(kg·d) of the corresponding solvent by gavage, and the rest of the groups were given equal doses of saline. ICP, MAP and ICPmax/MAP values were measured after 4 weeks to evaluate the erectile function of rats respectively. Masson, HE and transmission electron microscopy experiments were performed to identify the morphological changes of endothelial cells. Western blotting and ELISA were performed to detect relevant endothelial indexes. Finally, the PI3K/AKT pathway was verified. Results Compared with BCNI group, ICAⅡ group and YS10 group showed statistical difference in ICPmax/MAP (P<0.001). Masson and HE showed that smooth muscle atrophy, collagen deposition, endothelial and neurological dysfunction were reduced. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the microstructure of ICAⅡ group and YS10 group was significantly improved. Western blotting showed that the expression levels of α-SMA and Calponin1 in the endothelium of ICAⅡ group and YS10 group were significantly higher than that in the BCNI group (P<0.05); ELISA showed that the concentration of ICAⅡ and YS10 groups showed an increasing trend compared with that of BCNI group; moreover, the expression of PI3K and p-AKT/AKT was significantly increased in ICAⅡ and YS10 groups (P<0.05). Conclusion ICAⅡ and YS110 can repair the disproportionate smooth muscle/collagen fibre ratio of penile corpus cavernosum and improve the pathological structure, YS10 may be superior to ICAⅡ in improving penile erectile function, and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway may play an important role in restoring the penile erectile function by YS10 and ICAⅡ.

  • 勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)为人体无法获得和维持时间足够的阴茎勃起以进行性交的状态[1]。据报道,ED的发生率会随着年龄的增加而增加,40%的男性在40~70岁之间出现性功能障碍[1]。诸多因素影响勃起,首先,随着年龄的增长,机体自主修复机能日益下降,血管性因素和神经性因素愈加突出,并常伴随着出现其他病变,如高血糖、冠心病、高血压、高脂血症、超重等[2-3]。其次,一些修复手术如盆腔修复术、前列腺电切手术等常由于术中前列腺外侧间隙界定不清,容易损伤两层筋膜之间的神经血管束,进而导致ED[4]。目前ED治疗的一线治疗为口服5型磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)抑制剂,其次是真空收缩装置及海绵体注射等二线疗法,若上述治疗均无效,可采用阴茎假体植入。然而上述治疗仅能改善ED症状,不能恢复勃起病理损伤和自发勃起能力。

  • 在传统中医学中,淫羊藿一直被用作壮阳药和补药,其主要有效成分为黄酮类化合物,包括淫羊藿苷(icariside,ICA)等[5]。淫羊藿苷已被证明具有一系列的药理作用,包括抗癌活性[6],抗骨质疏松活性[7-8],抗抑郁活性[9-10]和强阳作用[11]。然而,因为糖苷形式的戊烯基黄酮的固有吸收渗透率很低,导致生物利用度有限[12-14]。进一步研究表明,ICA口服后有91.2%可转化为ICAⅡ,药代动学研究表明,ICAⅡ的最大吸收浓度和吸收程度分别是ICA的3.8倍和13.0倍[15]。因此ICAⅡ可能是发挥促进勃起作用的主要生物可利用成分。然而,考虑到淫羊藿的有限可用性,以及ICAⅡ昂贵的提取成本,目前已经成功在体外人工合成了淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ衍生物YS10。本研究旨在探讨YS10在治疗ED中的作用和可能的分子机制。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 主要试剂

  • ICAⅡ、YS10(纯度≥98%,北京索莱宝科技有限公司),α-SMA、PI3K、AKT、p-AKT、Calponin 1兔多克隆抗体(英国abcam公司),大鼠ELISA试剂盒(上海西唐生物科技有限公司),改良Masson三色染色试剂盒,BL-420N生物信号采集与处理系统(中国成都泰盟仪器厂)、MP150多导电生理仪(成都仪器厂)、化学发光成像及分析系统(上海勤翔科学仪器有限公司)、自动切片分析系统(匈牙利3DHISTECH公司)。

  • 1.2 实验分组

  • 40只6~8周Sprauge-Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠,体质量180 g左右,随机分成4组:正常组(sham组);海绵体神经夹伤组(BCNI组);海绵体神经夹伤-脱水淫羊藿素治疗组(ICAⅡ组),灌胃ICAⅡ2.5 mg/(kg·d);海绵体神经夹伤-YS10治疗组(YS10组),灌胃YS10 2.5 mg/(kg·d);每组10只。

  • 1.3 测量阴茎勃起功能

  • 将5%戊巴比妥钠30 mg/kg腹腔麻醉大鼠,将连接有肝素化PE管的25号针头插入大鼠阴茎海绵体,测量阴茎海绵体内压(ICP)。另一针插入左侧颈动脉以监测平均动脉压(MAP)变化,并记录ICPmax/MAP比值。腹腔注射直至大鼠死亡,取大鼠整根阴茎,从中间剪断,远侧端用于冻存和提取蛋白,近侧端甲醛中固定用于后续染色。

  • 1.4 Masson三色染色

  • 按照Masson试剂盒说明,取固定后阴茎组织复水,染色,封片显微镜下观察,测定大鼠阴茎纤维化程度。

  • 1.5 HE染色

  • 取包埋组织进行切片(60℃烤箱内0.5 h),二甲苯中脱蜡后乙醇梯度复水,苏木素及伊红染液染色、封片显微镜下观察细胞形态。

  • 1.6 透射电镜

  • 取适宜大小阴茎组织,4℃下采用4%戊二醛固定及1%锇酸后固定,脱水、渗透、包埋、切片,最后醋酸铀、柠檬酸铅双重染色,在透射电镜下观察。

  • 1.7 Western印迹

  • 取出大鼠阴茎组织,加入蛋白裂解液,研磨,测定蛋白浓度,各取20 μL不同蛋白样品上样、80 V电泳、2 h转膜、2 h脱脂奶粉封闭、一抗孵育置于含(1∶1000)一抗的稀释液(α-SMA、PI3K、AKT、p-AKT、Calponin 1)、二抗孵育(1∶8000)稀释液(HRP标记的羊抗兔IgG二抗)、TBST清洗及ECL显象,测定每个条带吸光度。

  • 1.8 ELISA检测n型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、e型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)水平

  • 取冻存阴茎海绵体组织,剪碎研磨后加入裂解液在4℃,5000 r/min的条件下高速离心10 min。采用ELISA试剂盒检测nNOS、eNOS水平,用酶标仪在450 nm处测吸光值。

  • 1.9 统计学分析

  • 统计软件SPSS 17.0进行数据处理,所有数据均以均数土标准差(x-±s)计算。P﹤0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 大鼠体质量和勃起功能测定

  • 各组大鼠体质量及MAP间无明显差异。而与sham组相比,BCNI组ICPmax/MAP降低(P<0.001),表明前期勃起功能障碍建模成功;ICAⅡ组、YS10组较BCNI组ICPmax/MAP改善(P<0.001),且YS10组改善更明显(P<0.001,表1)。

  • 表1 各组大鼠体质量变化、ICP、MAP及ICPmax/MAP比较

  • 注:a与sham组相比,P<0.05; b与BCNI组相比,P<0.05;c与ICAⅡ组相比,P<0.05

  • 2.2 大鼠阴茎海绵体病理改变

  • 2.2.1 HE染色

  • sham组阴茎海绵体微观结构中细胞排列较整齐,无明显纤维化增生。BCNI组大鼠阴茎海绵体结果明显紊乱、不规则,间质纤维增生。ICAⅡ组及YS10组大鼠阴茎微观结果改善明显,见图1。

  • 图1 四组大鼠阴茎组织HE染色结果(×20)

  • 2.2.2 Mssson染色

  • sham组出现大量平滑肌纤维,平滑肌(红色)与胶原纤维(蓝绿色)区域比值最直观,细胞间质基本正常。BCNI组胶原纤维出现大量聚集、占据视野绝大部分,平滑肌和胶原含量比值减少。与BCNI组相比,ICAⅡ组及YS10组视野明显不同,出现明显改观,趋近于正常组织,见图2。

  • 2.2.3 透射电镜

  • Sham组可见正常的线粒体组织,结果完整,边界清晰;BCNI组大鼠粗面内质网高度扩张伴脱颗粒,线粒体肿胀并呈空泡化。与之相比,ICAⅡ组与YS10组显微结构明显改善,见图3。

  • 图2 大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中平滑肌和胶原含量变化(×20)

  • 图3 透射电镜观察大鼠阴茎海绵体微观组织(箭头所指为类椭圆形线粒体)

  • 2.3 大鼠阴茎eNOS、nNOS水平

  • BCNI组的大鼠eNOS、nNOS水平低于sham组。YS10组及ICAⅡ组eNOS、nNOS水平高于BCNI组,且ICAⅡ组增加的更明显,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

  • 表2 各组大鼠阴茎海绵体nNOS、eNOS水平

  • 注: a与sham组相比,P<0.05;b与BCNI组相比,P<0.05;c与ICAⅡ组相比,P<0.05

  • 2.4 大鼠阴茎海绵体中α-SMA、Calponin1的表达

  • BCNI组阴茎的α-SMA、Calponin1含量比sham组明显下降(P<0.05),ICAⅡ组及YS10组的α-SMA、Calponin1含量较BCNI组明显回升(P<0.05),且YS10组高于ICAⅡ组(P<0.05),见图4。

  • 图4 四组大鼠阴茎α-SMA、Calponin1蛋白表达水平比较

  • 2.5 PI3K/AKT通路

  • 与BCNI组相比,ICAⅡ组、YS10组PI3K及p-AKT/AKT比值显著增高(P<0.05),且YS10组PI3K及p-AKT/AKT水平高于ICAⅡ组(P<0.05),见图5。

  • 图5 Western blot检测各组雄性小鼠阴茎组织PI3K、p-AKT、AKT的表达

  • 3 讨论

  • 正常勃起功能的维持需多种机制参与,当从海绵体神经末梢释放的神经递质和从内皮细胞释放的舒张因子受到刺激释放,引起小动脉平滑肌的舒张。这种血管扩张机制导致了海绵体内血流量的显著增加,从而引起阴茎勃起[16]。因此,内皮及海绵体神经是阴茎勃起的重要结构,其维持着血管内收缩或舒张物质的平衡,促进血管生成和阴茎勃起,是ED发生的病理基础[17]

  • 淫羊藿苷被认定为一种PDE5抑制剂,通过NO-cGMP途径参与勃起过程。关瑞礼等[17]通过研究发现,ICAⅡ可以提高大鼠体内eNOS含量,刺激NO合成。章振宝等[18]、杨春等[19]分别借助鼠、兔模型,都发现模型体内环磷酸鸟苷酸(cGMP)浓度提高,海绵体平滑肌细胞NOS活性上升,PDE受到了抑制,勃起时间明显延长。淫羊藿可与其他壮阳药联用增强勃起功能,谢张兴[20]发现一定范围内淫羊藿与低剂量西地那非联用的勃起维持时间优于单用一种药物。此外,Zheng等[21]发现淫羊藿苷可以刺激脂肪干细胞分化为血旺细胞,从而提高勃起的维持时间。总之,淫羊藿苷无论是本身药理特性,还是与其他药物的兼容性上都具备优势。本实验聚焦于淫羊藿苷主要物质ICAⅡ及其衍生物YS10,结果显示YS10在海绵体内压、阴茎海绵体纤维化、细胞形态学变化都优于ICAⅡ,具有良好应用前景。

  • PI3K/AKT是临床上最常见的信号通路之一,其在细胞发生、发展的进程中起着重要的作用,并在细胞癌变后有助于肿瘤细胞逃逸和繁殖,响应细胞外信号,促进代谢、增殖、细胞存活、生长和血管生成[22]。PI3K-AKT信号通路受到淫羊藿的激活后,可导致食管癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[23]。此外,通过激活和抑制下游蛋白介导生长因子信号,PI3K/AKT参与生物体的生长和关键的细胞活动如蛋白质合成、葡萄糖稳态、脂质代谢。多种疾病与之相关,如肥胖、糖尿病等[24]。生殖方向上,Ding等[25]认定ICA通过PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO信号通路改善雄性小鼠的性功能,结果显示,ICA显著增加PI3K的表达和AKT的磷酸化水平,小鼠性功能得到保护。总之,ICA在生理病理过程中具有多功能性。但关于ICA在PI3K/AKT方向改善勃起功能方面的研究还很少。本研究发现海绵体损伤大鼠在服用ICA后,PI3K的表达和AKT的磷酸化水平大大提高,eNOS水平得到提升,与上述研究结果一致,表明PI3K/AKT通路参与了ICA大鼠的勃起过程。

  • 综上所述,本研究初步探索了淫羊藿在勃起功能中的治疗效果,ICAⅡ及YS10可以改善大鼠阴茎海绵体平滑肌纤维化,ICA具备保护男性生殖系统的作用。作为一种类PDE5抑制剂,ICA可以通过PI3K/AKT/eNOS途径调节人体内一系列的生理变化。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Irwin GM.Erectile dysfunction[J].Prim Care,2019,46(2):249-255.

    • [2] DeGroat WC,Booth AM.Physiology of male sexual function[J].Ann Intern Med,1980,92(2 Pt 2):329-331.

    • [3] Sáenz de Tejada I,Angulo J,Cellek S,et al.Physiology of erectile function[J].J Sex Med,2004,1(3):254-265.

    • [4] Argiolas A,Argiolas FM,Argiolas G,et al.Erectile dysfunction:treatments,advances and new therapeutic strategies[J].Brain Sci,2023,13(5):802.

    • [5] 陈学勤,姜睿.淫羊藿在勃起功能障碍治疗中的研究进展[J].中国男科学杂志,2015,29(4):70-72.

    • [6] Zhang DC,Liu JL,Ding YB,et al.Icariin potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer by suppressing NF-κB[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2013,34(2):301-308.

    • [7] Kapoor S.Icariin and its emerging role in the treatment of osteoporosis[J].Chin Med J,2013,126(2):400.

    • [8] Liu M,Zhong C,He RX,et al.Icariin associated with exercise therapy is an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis[J].Chin Med J,2012,125(10):1784-1789.

    • [9] Pan Y,Kong LD,Li YC,et al.Icariin from Epimedium brevicornum attenuates chronic mild stress-induced behavioral and neuroendocrinological alterations in male Wistar rats[J].Pharmacol Biochem Behav,2007,87(1):130-140.

    • [10] Pan Y,Wang FM,Qiang LQ,et al.Icariin attenuates chronic mild stress-induced dysregulation of the LHPA stress circuit in rats[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2010,35(2):272-283.

    • [11] Liao H,Jacob R.Chinese herbal drugs for erectile dysfunction through NO-cGMP-PDE5 signaling pathway[J].Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue,2012,18(3):260-265.

    • [12] Chen Y,Zhao YH,Jia XB,et al.Intestinal absorption mechanisms of prenylated flavonoids present in the heat-processed Epimedium koreanum Nakai(Yin Yanghuo)[J].Pharm Res,2008,25(9):2190-2199.

    • [13] Cao YF,He RR,Cao J,et al.Drug-drug interactions potential of icariin and its intestinal metabolites via inhibition of intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2012,2012:395912.

    • [14] Cai WJ,Huang JH,Zhang SQ,et al.Icariin and its derivative icariside II extend healthspan via insulin/IGF-1 pathway in C.elegans[J].PLoS One,2011,6(12):e28835.

    • [15] Cheng T,Zhang Y,Zhang T,et al.Comparative pharmacokinetics study of icariin and icariside II in rats[J].Molecules,2015,20(12):21274-21286.

    • [16] MacDonald SM,Burnett AL.Physiology of erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction[J].Urol Clin North Am,2021,48(4):513-525.

    • [17] 关瑞礼,雷洪恩,杨璧铖,等.淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ通过miR-155/eNOS改善人阴茎海绵体血管内皮细胞功能的研究[J].中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2016,10(6):826-832.

    • [18] 章振保,田生平,杨镜秋,等.淫羊藿苷与睾酮治疗亚急性衰老雄性大鼠的实验研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(8):13-18.

    • [19] 杨春,辛钟成,付杰,等.淫羊藿苷对兔阴蒂海绵体平滑肌细胞NO及NOS活性的影响[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(1):6-10.

    • [20] 谢张兴.淫羊藿联合小剂量他达拉非治疗前列腺术后勃起功能障碍的疗效分析[D].南昌:南昌大学,2023.

    • [21] Zheng T,Zhang TB,Zhang WX,et al.Icariside II facilitates the differentiation of ADSCs to schwann cells and restores erectile dysfunction through regulation of miR-33/GDNF axis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2020,125:109888.

    • [22] Glaviano A,Foo ASC,Lam HY,et al.PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2023,22(1):138.

    • [23] Gu ZF,Zhang ZT,Wang JY,et al.Icariin exerts inhibitory effects on the growth and metastasis of KYSE70 human esophageal carcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT and STAT3 pathways[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2017,54:7-13.

    • [24] Huang XJ,Liu GH,Guo J,et al.The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J].Int J Biol Sci,2018,14(11):1483-1496.

    • [25] Ding J,Tang Y,Tang Z,et al.Icariin improves the sexual function of male mice through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signalling pathway[J].Andrologia,2018,50(1):10.1111/and.12802.

图1 四组大鼠阴茎组织HE染色结果(×20)

图2 大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中平滑肌和胶原含量变化(×20)

图3 透射电镜观察大鼠阴茎海绵体微观组织(箭头所指为类椭圆形线粒体)

图4 四组大鼠阴茎α-SMA、Calponin1蛋白表达水平比较

图5 Western blot检测各组雄性小鼠阴茎组织PI3K、p-AKT、AKT的表达

表1 各组大鼠体质量变化、ICP、MAP及ICPmax/MAP比较

表2 各组大鼠阴茎海绵体nNOS、eNOS水平

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Irwin GM.Erectile dysfunction[J].Prim Care,2019,46(2):249-255.

    • [2] DeGroat WC,Booth AM.Physiology of male sexual function[J].Ann Intern Med,1980,92(2 Pt 2):329-331.

    • [3] Sáenz de Tejada I,Angulo J,Cellek S,et al.Physiology of erectile function[J].J Sex Med,2004,1(3):254-265.

    • [4] Argiolas A,Argiolas FM,Argiolas G,et al.Erectile dysfunction:treatments,advances and new therapeutic strategies[J].Brain Sci,2023,13(5):802.

    • [5] 陈学勤,姜睿.淫羊藿在勃起功能障碍治疗中的研究进展[J].中国男科学杂志,2015,29(4):70-72.

    • [6] Zhang DC,Liu JL,Ding YB,et al.Icariin potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer by suppressing NF-κB[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2013,34(2):301-308.

    • [7] Kapoor S.Icariin and its emerging role in the treatment of osteoporosis[J].Chin Med J,2013,126(2):400.

    • [8] Liu M,Zhong C,He RX,et al.Icariin associated with exercise therapy is an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis[J].Chin Med J,2012,125(10):1784-1789.

    • [9] Pan Y,Kong LD,Li YC,et al.Icariin from Epimedium brevicornum attenuates chronic mild stress-induced behavioral and neuroendocrinological alterations in male Wistar rats[J].Pharmacol Biochem Behav,2007,87(1):130-140.

    • [10] Pan Y,Wang FM,Qiang LQ,et al.Icariin attenuates chronic mild stress-induced dysregulation of the LHPA stress circuit in rats[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2010,35(2):272-283.

    • [11] Liao H,Jacob R.Chinese herbal drugs for erectile dysfunction through NO-cGMP-PDE5 signaling pathway[J].Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue,2012,18(3):260-265.

    • [12] Chen Y,Zhao YH,Jia XB,et al.Intestinal absorption mechanisms of prenylated flavonoids present in the heat-processed Epimedium koreanum Nakai(Yin Yanghuo)[J].Pharm Res,2008,25(9):2190-2199.

    • [13] Cao YF,He RR,Cao J,et al.Drug-drug interactions potential of icariin and its intestinal metabolites via inhibition of intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2012,2012:395912.

    • [14] Cai WJ,Huang JH,Zhang SQ,et al.Icariin and its derivative icariside II extend healthspan via insulin/IGF-1 pathway in C.elegans[J].PLoS One,2011,6(12):e28835.

    • [15] Cheng T,Zhang Y,Zhang T,et al.Comparative pharmacokinetics study of icariin and icariside II in rats[J].Molecules,2015,20(12):21274-21286.

    • [16] MacDonald SM,Burnett AL.Physiology of erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction[J].Urol Clin North Am,2021,48(4):513-525.

    • [17] 关瑞礼,雷洪恩,杨璧铖,等.淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ通过miR-155/eNOS改善人阴茎海绵体血管内皮细胞功能的研究[J].中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2016,10(6):826-832.

    • [18] 章振保,田生平,杨镜秋,等.淫羊藿苷与睾酮治疗亚急性衰老雄性大鼠的实验研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(8):13-18.

    • [19] 杨春,辛钟成,付杰,等.淫羊藿苷对兔阴蒂海绵体平滑肌细胞NO及NOS活性的影响[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(1):6-10.

    • [20] 谢张兴.淫羊藿联合小剂量他达拉非治疗前列腺术后勃起功能障碍的疗效分析[D].南昌:南昌大学,2023.

    • [21] Zheng T,Zhang TB,Zhang WX,et al.Icariside II facilitates the differentiation of ADSCs to schwann cells and restores erectile dysfunction through regulation of miR-33/GDNF axis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2020,125:109888.

    • [22] Glaviano A,Foo ASC,Lam HY,et al.PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2023,22(1):138.

    • [23] Gu ZF,Zhang ZT,Wang JY,et al.Icariin exerts inhibitory effects on the growth and metastasis of KYSE70 human esophageal carcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT and STAT3 pathways[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2017,54:7-13.

    • [24] Huang XJ,Liu GH,Guo J,et al.The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J].Int J Biol Sci,2018,14(11):1483-1496.

    • [25] Ding J,Tang Y,Tang Z,et al.Icariin improves the sexual function of male mice through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signalling pathway[J].Andrologia,2018,50(1):10.1111/and.12802.

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