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通讯作者:

谢林国,E-mail: xielguo@126.com

中图分类号:R691.4

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.05.011

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目录contents

    摘要

    近年来,代谢综合征及泌尿系结石的发病率逐年升高,已有大量的证据证实代谢综合征及其子特征与泌尿系结石的发生及发展存在着密切的联系。代谢综合征不仅能促进泌尿系结石的发生,而且与结石的严重程度相关,还会增加结石患者围手术期并发症的发生率。因此,预防与治疗代谢综合征对降低结石的发生率有重要意义。本文旨在总结代谢综合征与泌尿系结石的相关研究成果,通过明确代谢综合征及其子特征在结石发生中的作用及可能机制,以及代谢综合征的中西医治疗进展,为进一步探究泌尿系结石的中西医结合预防与治疗提供方向。

  • 泌尿系结石是泌尿外科的常见疾病,具有发病率高及复发率高的特点。近期的流行病学数据显示其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势,如美国泌尿系结石的患病率从 1980 年的 3.2%上升到 2016 年的 10.1%[1]。最新数据显示我国泌尿系结石的患病率为 5.8%,表现为“南高北低”的特点[2]。泌尿系结石的发病机制尚不完全清楚,个体的生活环境、饮食习惯、遗传背景、性别、年龄、代谢异常等因素都可能与它的发生有关。

  • 代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)即代谢紊乱综合征,主要指人体的代谢功能障碍,包括高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和血脂异常。随着全球经济的增长和生活方式的改变,MetS 的发病率不断上升,据报道,美国约有三分之一的成人患有 MetS[3]。在中国,18 岁以上成年人的 MetS 患病率为 14.39%[4]。 MetS 与多种慢性疾病的发生存在明显相关性,尤其是其与心血管疾病之间的关系已经得到了大量证据的证实。近年的研究发现,泌尿系结石的发生也与 MetS 存在密切的相关性。

  • 1 MetS 与泌尿系结石

  • 目前,已经有大量的大样本研究针对 MetS 与泌尿系结石的相关性进行了分析。West 等[5]利用美国全国健康和营养调查 (national health and nutrition examination survey,NHANES)数据,观察到 MetS 个体发生肾结石的风险是没有 MetS 人群的 2 倍(8.8% vs 4.3%)。2021 年,一项纳入 934 588 例患者的 Meta 分析发现 MetS 的存在与泌尿系结石风险增加有关,OR=1.769(95%CI=1.386~2.309),MetS 特征数量的增加与患肾结石的风险相关[6]。此外,最近一项纳入 11 827 例健康筛查者的中国大型横断面研究提示 MetS 是泌尿系结石发病的独立危险因素,随着 MetS 特征数量的增加,肾结石发病风险呈线性递增趋势[7]

  • MetS 不仅与泌尿系结石的发病有关,而且与其严重程度相关。与非 MetS 模型大鼠相比,Okamoto 等[8]在 MetS 模型大鼠中发现更多的肾脏草酸钙晶体沉积。日本的一项大型横断面研究发现,在具有 1、2、3 和 4 种 MetS 特征的患者中,分别有 61.7%、 65.2%、69.3%和 73.3%的患者有复发性和多发性结石;该研究还发现 MetS 与复发和多发结石的风险增加相关[9]。国内的 Xu 等[10]在他们的数据中也发现 MetS 组鹿角结石患者比例较非 MetS 组多。Fu 等[11] 研究发现 MetS 与严重上尿路结石的发生存在明显相关性,且高血压和高脂血症是严重上尿路结石的独立危险因素。

  • 同时,MetS 也会影响结石围手术期的安全性。Xu 等[10]的回顾性队列研究表明,除了肾结石的风险增加外,MetS 患者与经皮肾镜取石术围手术期并发症的风险增加有关。MetS 患者的总并发症发生率较高 (OR=2.40,95%CI=1.67~3.69),且并发症风险与 MetS 特征的数量呈比例相关(OR=1.49,95%CI=1.18~1.89)。具有 3、4 和 5 个 MetS 特征的患者发生并发症的风险分别为无 MetS 患者的 2 倍、3 倍和 7 倍。

  • 2 高血压与泌尿系结石

  • 高血压作为 MetS 的组成部分之一,研究其与泌尿系结石关系的文献较多。早在 1965 年,瑞士的 Tibblin 等[12]就针对高血压与泌尿系结石的相关性展开了研究,他们回顾性研究了 895 例瑞典中年人的临床数据,发现血压正常和严重高血压患者的结石患病率有显著差异(分别为 1.1%和 13.3%)。1990 年,Cappuccio 等[13]发表的数据显示,13.4%的正常高血压患者、20.3%的未治疗高血压患者和 32.8%的治疗高血压患者有肾结石病史,经年龄调整后,高血压男性患肾结石或肾性绞痛的风险增加 79%。这组受试者随后被前瞻性随访了 8 年,结果显示,既往肾结石病史患者患高血压的风险增加了 95%[14]。有趣的是美国的两项前瞻性研究:Madore 等[15-16]分别对 51 529 例男性和 89 376 例女性进行了长时间的随访,结果显示有肾结石病史的人患高血压的风险更高;相反,在有动脉高血压与没有动脉高血压的人群中,肾结石的发病率没有差异。

  • 从目前的研究结果来看,高血压与泌尿系结石互为危险因素。即高血压能促进泌尿系结石的产生,而泌尿系结石也会影响高血压的发生。高血压主要通过影响人体尿液中复合物的饱和度来促进泌尿系结石的产生[17]。Ticinesi 等[18]发现高血压是增加尿钙排泄的重要决定因素,长期高血压会促进泌尿系结石的发生与发展。Hartman 等[19]发现与 673 例血压正常泌尿系结石患者相比,442 例泌尿系结石合并高血压患者的尿柠檬酸盐含量显著降低,而柠檬酸盐是结石形成的主要抑制剂,提示尿柠檬酸盐降低是高血压促进泌尿系结石发病的主要因素。也有部分研究提示高血压参与的氧化应激与泌尿系结石的发病机制有关。高血压增加活性氧的产生,促进氧化应激,引起肾小管上皮细胞的损伤和凋亡,最后促进晶体的附着和结石的形成[20]。其次,泌尿系结石会增加人群患高血压病的风险[21]。原因可能是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮(RASS)系统参与了结石形成过程。RASS 系统的过度激活会导致血压的升高[20]

  • 3 糖尿病与泌尿系结石

  • 糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病,与泌尿系结石有着密切联系,糖尿病是泌尿系结石的独立危险因素已经成为共识。Taylor 等[22]对 240 000 例受试者进行了 14 年的随访,发现无论男性还是女性,糖尿病患者肾结石发生率明显高于无糖尿病患者;相反,肾结石患者发生 2 型糖尿病的风险也显著高于无肾结石的患者。Liu 等[23]综合多项关于糖尿病与泌尿系结石的相关性队列研究再次印证了糖尿病显著增加了泌尿系结石的风险。随后 Weinberg 等 [24] 分析了 2007—2010 年 NHANES 的数据,发现糖尿病病情越严重,患泌尿系结石的风险就越高。以上研究表明糖尿病患者的血糖控制水平以及机体胰岛素抵抗程度与泌尿系结石发病风险有着直接关系。此外,糖尿病患者因体内葡萄糖代谢紊乱可导致尿糖升高,而尿糖升高也会直接导致尿液代谢的改变。 Hartman 等[25]在对比了伴与不伴糖尿病的肾结石患者 24 h 尿液分析后得出结论,患有糖尿病的结石患者尿液中的尿酸和草酸排泄量显著升高,而 pH 值显著降低。低 pH 值及高尿酸是形成尿酸结石的危险因素,高草酸尿则易形成草酸钙结石。

  • 胰岛素抵抗是糖尿病患者最主要的发病机制。胰岛素抵抗已经被证明是降低尿 pH 值的核心机制。因此,糖尿病患者尿酸结石患病率高[26]。此外,糖尿病患者体内葡萄糖代谢紊乱,大量葡萄糖代谢终产物可增加氧化应激和血管内皮损伤,促进肾结石形成[20]。另外,高血糖产生的尿糖升高会抑制近端肾小管对葡萄糖和钠的重吸收,这将同时影响近端肾小管对钙的重吸收,抑制远端肾小管对尿酸的重吸收,最后导致尿钠、尿钙、尿酸排泄增加,促进结石的形成[27]

  • 4 肥胖与泌尿系结石

  • 肥胖作为 MetS 的组成部分,是最能代表 MetS 的一个特征。MetS 的所有特征在肥胖人群中都是常见的,而且据报道肥胖导致结石形成的风险也最大[28]。一项纳入 1264 例结石患者的研究发现,肥胖与结石发生存在明显的相关性[29]。来自韩国的一项全国性研究纳入了 34 330 例样本,结果显示与代谢正常的非肥胖人群相比,代谢异常的非肥胖人群、代谢正常的肥胖人群及代谢异常的肥胖人群结石发病率都明显升高[30]。同样的,Chen 等[31]针对 4287 例人群的研究也发现,没有代谢综合征和胰岛素抵抗的肥胖人群结石发病率明显高于没有代谢异常的体重正常人群(OR=2.90,95%CI=1.18~7.0)。以上两项研究表明肥胖是结石发生的独立危险因素。近期,一项纳入 936 005 例肾结合患者的 Meta 分析同样表明肥胖是造成结石形成的关键因素[32]

  • 肥胖导致结石形成的原因可能是热量摄入过多。肥胖人群有摄入更多的糖、动物蛋白、脂肪等高热量食物的特点,而且这些饮食习惯已经被证明是结石形成的危险因素[33]。一项关于热量摄入在结石形成中作用的前瞻性研究发现,随着膳食能量摄入量的增加,发生结石的风险增加了 42%[34]。此外,人体不同部位的脂肪与疾病的关系不同。Akarken 等[35] 研究发现内脏脂肪的堆积是泌尿系结石的独立危险因素。一项探讨上、下半身脂肪在疾病中作用的研究表明,上半身脂肪参与人体代谢紊乱机制,下半身脂肪则具有疾病保护作用[36]。进一步深入研究发现肥胖患者尿液成分有显著改变。Taylor 等[37]发现肥胖患者的钠、草酸、尿酸、磷酸盐排泄量增加,这种现象可能与肥胖患者体内胰岛素抵抗和脂肪酸的增加相关。

  • 胰岛素抵抗会减少肾近端小管肾铵的产生和运输,同时增加尿碳酸氢钠和钠的重吸收,导致尿液过度酸化,尿 pH 值降低。脂肪酸的增加会进一步降低尿 pH 值。肥胖患者产生的高酸性尿液会降低尿酸以及尿液中草酸钙等复合物的饱和度,导致尿酸结石的形成;此外胰岛素抵抗会降低尿枸橼酸浓度,这不仅会导致尿 pH 值降低,促进尿酸结石形成,也会促进草酸钙结石的形成,尿酸结晶形成后,尿草酸和钙离子也会通过异质成核过程促进草酸钙结石的形成[38-39]

  • 5 血脂异常与泌尿系结石

  • 血脂异常是指人体的血脂谱代谢紊乱。在临床上描述为血总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及三酰甘油(TG)浓度升高,而高密度脂蛋白(HDL)浓度降低。大量的流行病学研究已经证实血脂异常患者有更高的泌尿系结石患病率。Besiroglu 等[40]在分析了 11 项泌尿系结石与血脂异常相关性研究后发现,血脂异常中的高 TG 及低 HDL 增加了泌尿系结石的患病风险,而总胆固醇与 LDL 或其他的血脂谱在不同的研究中对泌尿系结石的影响不一致。近期一项基于 2007—2020 年 NHANES 中 38 617 例肾结合患者的数据显示,HDL 降低是美国成年人肾结石形成的危险因素,而总胆固醇、TG 和 LDL 与结石的形成无关[41]。因此 TG 及 HDL 与泌尿系结石的关系可能更紧密。

  • 血脂异常患者尿代谢异常会促进结石的形成。一项涉及 2442 例泌尿系结石患者血脂与 24 h 尿液相关性研究发现,高 TG 及低 HDL 患者的尿钠、尿草酸、尿尿酸均会显著增加,尿 pH 值显著降低[42]。而这些尿液代谢异常则会促进尿酸结石及草酸钙结石的形成。国内郑雷等[43]在一项病例对照研究中也发现血脂异常患者尿酸结石的比例显著大于正常血脂患者。血脂异常促进泌尿系结石的机制可能与慢性炎症、氧化应激密切有关。近期研究发现他汀类降脂药物可以通过降低尿液中尿酸、增加尿柠檬酸、增加尿 pH 值来降低泌尿系结石的发病风险[44]。这也从侧面证明脂代谢紊乱参与了肾结石形成的机制。虽然他汀类药物可以降低泌尿系结石的发病风险,但目前这些药物治疗泌尿系结石的效果、持续时间和剂量大小仍不清楚,因此尚不推荐使用他汀类药物作为预防措施。

  • 6 MetS 的中西医治疗

  • MetS 及其子特征与泌尿系结石的发生发展、严重程度、围手术期风险密切相关。因此 MetS 的预防及治疗对泌尿系结石的防治意义重大。目前 MetS 的防治以西医为主,包括改善生活方式、控制血糖和血压、调节血脂等方面。生活方式的改善是 MetS 防治的关键,人们可以通过合理饮食、适当运动有效预防和逆转 MetS。研究显示,地中海饮食可以更好地控制血糖、血压,减少心血管危险因素,抑制粥样硬化相关的炎症生物标志物的产生 [45]。运动对 MetS 患者的高血压、糖耐量异常、高脂血症及肥胖具有预防与治疗作用[46]。西医对血压、血脂、血糖的控制主要依赖药物治疗。大量降糖、降压、降脂药物的应用在改善 MetS 的同时会对肝肾功能造成一定的损伤。

  • 中医博大精深,虽然古代中医文献中并无 MetS 病名,但根据其症状体征,可将其归属于脾瘅、消渴、眩晕、肥满、痰饮、胸痹等范畴[47]。中医认为该病病因多为先天禀赋不足,后天饮食失节和劳逸失调等,病位主要涉及肝、脾、肾,基本病机为脾失健运、肾气亏虚和肝失疏泄,本虚为脾、肾两虚,标实为痰湿、瘀血、浊毒等[48]。治疗上主要包含 3 个方面:1)突出重点,辨痰浊瘀血论治;2)平调脏腑,辨气血阴阳论治;3)辅以外治,综合调理[47]。针对不同类型的 MetS,中医采用半夏泻心汤、血府逐瘀汤、补阳还五汤、实脾丹参饮、藿朴夏苓汤、茵陈蒿汤、健脾化滞丸、清眩颗粒等中药联合针刺、艾灸、埋线、推拿等手段进行治疗,均取得了明显的疗效[4749-50]

  • 7 小结与展望

  • 目前,已有大量的证据表明,MetS 不仅与泌尿系结石的发生发展密切相关,而且也是尿石症患者常见的共存疾病。尽管 MetS 促进结石形成的病理机制尚不明确,但多数流行病学研究报告提出, MetS 与泌尿系结石的形成与进展存在着相互影响、相互促进的正相关关系。随着社会的发展、人们生活方式的变化,MetS 的发生率正在逐年增加,这也导致了泌尿系结石发病率的逐年升高。因此,预防或治疗 MetS 对泌尿系结石的防治意义重大。中医与西医在 MetS 治疗上各有优势,也各有不足。在未来 MetS 的治疗中,应该充分发掘中医和西医各自的优势,集两家之长,探究中西医结合治疗 MetS 的可行性与安全性,在中医整体化诊疗的基础上采用西医的针对性治疗,在提高治疗效果的同时,减少不良反应的发生。通过中西医综合治疗,降低 MetS 的发生率,从而减少泌尿系结石的形成。

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