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通讯作者:

孙彩霞,E-mail:suncaixia_zj@126.com

中图分类号:R246;R619

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.03.027

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林舜艳,尹正录,高巨,等.针药复合麻醉对老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍及炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2014,34(7):795-799.
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目录contents

    摘要

    围术期疼痛控制不佳可导致各系统不良反应并影响患者术后康复,穴位刺激疗法作为多模式镇痛中的补充方法之一,因其治疗时机可贯穿围术期全程,近年已被广大国内外学者应用于围术期镇痛。本文对近年来穴位刺激疗法用于围术期镇痛的研究进行了梳理和探讨,着重从穴位刺激疗法的中西医镇痛机制,穴位刺激疗法用于术前、术中及术后镇痛的临床效果几个方面展开阐述,旨在为穴位刺激疗法的围术期推广应用及后续研究提供一定的参考。

  • 国际疼痛研究协会将疼痛定义为一种令人不快的主观感觉和情绪体验,虽可作为一种警告和主动防御机制,但围术期疼痛可导致术后并发症增加并延缓术后康复。且手术开始早期的疼痛控制不佳可导致中枢神经系统的病理性重塑,促使急性疼痛向慢性疼痛转化 [1]。既往对围术期疼痛的治疗往往按照世界卫生组织(world health organization,WHO)治疗癌痛的三阶梯原则进行,结果导致阿片类药物的滥用和相关副作用的增加。基于以上背景,多模式镇痛的概念应运而生。穴位刺激疗法作为临床常用的中医传统疗法之一,因其安全易行、成本低廉、对生理功能影响小,现已有大量国内外临床试验证明其在围术期镇痛方面的显著疗效 [2-3]。本文对近年来穴位刺激疗法用于围术期镇痛的研究进行了总结和梳理,以促进穴位刺激疗法在围术期镇痛的进一步推广应用。

  • 1 穴位刺激疗法镇痛的机制

  • 穴位刺激疗法的镇痛机制可从中西医两个维度进行阐述。中医将疼痛的机理概括为气血运行不畅引发的“不通则痛”,以及气血不足、阳气亏虚导致的“不荣则痛”,而“神”主导着“气”的升降出入,因此,中医认为通过调神疏导气机,使气血正常流通方能镇痛[4]。基于中医理论的穴位刺激疗法可通过调气治神、疏通经络从而起到镇痛的作用 [4-5]

  • 穴位刺激疗法镇痛的西医机制大致可概括为传导通路、神经递质及炎症因子机制。研究认为,手法针刺治疗可激活A-β、A-δ 和 C类传入纤维,足够强度的电针刺激可激活A-β和部分A-δ纤维,并通过脊髓腹外侧索到达大脑,多个脑神经核团如中缝大核、蓝斑核、伏隔核、尾状核等均被证实参与针刺镇痛过程[6]。另外,阿片肽类物质如脑啡肽,β-内啡肽等也参与介导了针刺镇痛效应[7]。Wang 等[8]研究表明,电针刺激炎性痛大鼠环跳穴(GB30)20 min(2-2.5-3 mA,100 Hz)可促进趋化因子CXCL10刺激炎症组织中阿片肽的释放。除内源性阿片肽系统外,多种中枢神经递质(如乙酰胆碱、5-羟色胺等)亦被证明参与针刺疗法中枢镇痛作用[9]。炎症因子方面,Su等[10]研究发现,电针刺激大鼠环跳穴(GB30)和阳陵泉穴(GB34)(1 mA,2 Hz,30 min)可显著减轻组织炎症引起的热痛觉过敏和机械性异常疼痛,电针通过激活CB2Rs受体降低促炎因子白细胞介素(IL-1β、IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的水平从而减轻炎性疼痛。由此可见,穴位刺激疗法可通过多种中西医机制参与镇痛过程。

  • 2 术前镇痛

  • 2.1 术前预防性镇痛

  • 预防性镇痛旨在采用持续、多模式的镇痛方式,贯穿围术期全程,防止并抑制中枢及外周敏化,从而减轻手术应激引起的疼痛。穴位刺激疗法作为多模式镇痛的补充疗法,在术前预防性镇痛中扮演着重要的角色。

  • 一项来自巴西的随机对照研究中,32名患者在术前12~18 h随机接受电针(3/15 Hz)或假针刺激30 min,最终治疗组和对照组芬太尼总剂量分别为13.1±2.2 μg/kg和16.3±1.6 μg/kg,差异具有统计学意义,且治疗组术后疼痛评分亦显著低于对照组(2.5±1.1 vs 4.0±2.0)[11]。Wang 等[12]将60例接受鼻窦切开术的患者随机分为术前经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical pounder stimulation,TEAS)组及假TEAS组,TEAS组麻醉前对合谷、内关和足三里穴位进行30 min的电刺激(6~9 mA,2/10 Hz),研究发现,TEAS组瑞芬太尼用量较假针组降低39%,且术后拔管时间明显缩短(12.5±3.5 min vs 17.3±6.7 min)。Lu 等[13]研究发现,乳腺癌根治术麻醉诱导前TEAS治疗30 min(2/10 Hz)可显著降低术后6个月慢性疼痛发生率(22.1% vs 34.6%)。

  • 此外,术前焦虑亦被证实与术中麻醉药剂量增加与术后疼痛程度加重有关[14]。Zanella等[15]发现,术前接受针刺治疗的患者,可达到和术前应用咪达唑仑相当的镇静效果,且术中麻醉药物的用量显著减少。

  • 由此可见,穴位刺激疗法用于术前预防性镇痛,在减少围术期镇痛药物剂量、减轻术后疼痛水平与预防慢性痛的发生方面均有显著的临床效果。

  • 2.2 减轻术前疼痛

  • 术前疼痛管理通常采用药物镇痛和神经阻滞镇痛,药物镇痛一般为非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)和阿片类药物。虽以上镇痛方式均被有确切效果,但神经阻滞操作难度较大,且神经变异度高,阻滞效果有较大的个体差异,NSAIDs可增加心血管不良事件及凝血障碍,阿片类药物可导致恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等其他副作用[16]。而术前应用穴位刺激疗法除可明显缓解术前疼痛,提升患者就医体验外,操作难度较低,对患者生理功能无明显影响,可较好弥补上述治疗方式的不足。在腰硬联合麻醉下的髋部骨折手术中,由于骨折的剧烈疼痛常使麻醉体位摆放极其困难[17],李荣华等[18]将颊针疗法应用于椎管内麻醉下髋部骨折手术的术前镇痛,结果表明,治疗组患者体位摆放时的疼痛强度明显降低(体位摆放前:2.93±0.83 vs 3.90±0.80;体位摆放后:3.93±0.83 vs 4.97±0.85),且体位摆放时间明显缩短(65.83±13.36s vs 80.73±10.16 s)。Lu等[16]比较了股神经阻滞与针刺治疗股骨颈骨折患者术前疼痛的疗效,结果显示两种镇痛方法均有良好的镇痛效果,且两种镇痛方法在疼痛评分、护理及睡眠质量等方面无明显差异,表明针刺疗法同股神经阻滞均有良好的镇痛效果。

  • 3 术中镇痛

  • 3.1 减少术中阿片类药物用量

  • 阿片类药物用于缓解疼痛已有数百年历史,因其强效的镇痛效应,常被作为围术期镇痛的首选。但术中大剂量的阿片类药物使用与延长机械通气时间、延缓术后恢复有关[19]。Huang 等[20]将2/100 Hz、2 Hz、100 Hz三种频率的TEAS应用于胸腔镜肺叶切除术中,其中接受2/100 Hz TEAS的患者术中阿片类药物用量显著降低2/100 Hz 组vs 空白对照组:0.1128±0.034 µg·kg-1·min-1 vs 0.1617±0.037 µg·kg-1·min-1)。另一随机对照研究探讨了不同穴位TEAS治疗(2/100 Hz)对术中阿片类药物的节俭作用是否有差异,结果表明列缺-曲池-内关-合谷穴组(0.11±0.03 µg·kg-1·min-1 vs 0.16±0.04 µg·kg-1·min-1)和心俞-肺俞-内关-合谷穴组(0.12±0.03 µg·kg-1·min-1 vs 0.16±0.04 µg·kg-1·min-1)相比对照组术中瑞芬太尼用量均显著降低[21]。由此可见,恰当的穴位刺激疗法可有效降低术中阿片类镇痛药物的用量。但未来需要大样本的临床试验对此展开探讨以提高该论点的稳健性。

  • 3.2 稳定术中血流动力学

  • 手术操作会增加疼痛的传入刺激,镇痛不足时,应激激素释放增多可引发患者血压升高、心率增快等血流动力学不稳的表现[22]。一项针刺疗法降低儿童扁桃体切除术术后疼痛的研究发现,接受术中针刺治疗的儿童术中多时点的平均收缩压、舒张压与心率明显低于对照组[23]。但也有研究表明,在胸腔镜肺切除术中应用压针疗法,尽管针灸组在术后疼痛及镇痛药物用量方面均优于对照组,但术中血流动力学并无明显差异[24]。目前关于穴位刺激疗法是否可稳定术中血流动力学的研究较少,且由于术中影响血流动力学的因素较多,后续可通过优化研究方案、扩大研究样本开展更深入的临床研究。

  • 4 术后镇痛

  • 4.1 降低疼痛评分

  • 术后疼痛包括手术损伤、内脏创伤和创伤后炎症刺激所导致的疼痛。据报道,10-50%的患者在常见手术(如腹股沟疝修补术、胸外科手术等)术后会经历持续的术后疼痛[25]。其中,穴位刺激疗法在降低术后疼痛评分方面已在多项临床试验中得到证实。

  • 在一项来自美国的随机对照试验中,患者随机接受战场针灸(battlefield acupuncture,BFA)(耳针的一种形式)与假针灸,患者于麻醉恢复室接受针灸并固定针灸针直至术后3~4 d,结果发现BFA组术后6、12、18和24 h疼痛强度均显著低于假针组[26]。Ismail等[23]对接受扁桃体切除术的儿童实施了耳针体针联合疗法,发现针刺组术后30、60、90、120 min静息痛与吞咽痛均显著低于对照组。一项针对电针治疗混合痔手术术后疼痛的荟萃分析显示,电针组在术后多时点疼痛评分均明显低于对照组[27]

  • 4.2 减少术后阿片类药物用量

  • 随着现代医学和麻醉技术的发展,术后疼痛管理逐步发展为多种药物技术相结合的多模式镇痛方式,旨在有效镇痛的同时减少大剂量阿片类药物使用的不良反应。

  • 在一项美国的队列研究中,患者在腰麻联合神经阻滞麻醉下完成膝关节置换术,术前应用耳针复合电针(30 Hz)治疗,结果发现65%的患者可耐受低剂量阿片药物镇痛模式(术后30 d内阿片类药物消耗 <15片5 mg羟考酮),比例显著高于既往研究(9%)[28]。Szmit等[29]将患者随机分为TEAS组(2/100 Hz)、假针组和对照组,结果显示TEAS组患者术后镇痛泵中的总吗啡用量明显低于其余两组(TEAS组 vs 假针组 vs 对照组:7.5±3.8 mg vs 15.2±6.24 mg vs 15.5±6.1 mg)。

  • 4.3 减轻炎症反应

  • 炎症刺激亦可导致术后疼痛,而穴位刺激疗法已被证实可降低促炎因子水平从而减轻炎性疼痛[10]。在一项针刺复合麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能影响的研究中发现,术前针刺复合手术全程电针刺激(2/100 Hz)可抑制术后TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6因子的释放,同时针刺组术中瑞芬太尼用量显著减少(0.35±0.06 µg·kg-1·min-1 vs 0.39±0.08 µg·kg-1·min-1[30]。Li等[31]对股骨骨折术后的患者应用股骨大结节周围针刺复合血海穴针刺治疗,发现针刺组患者术后第7 d C反应蛋白(CRP)及TNF-α水平均低于对照组,且针刺组患者术后第5 d、第7 d疼痛评分亦显著低于对照组。

  • 4.4 促进术后恢复

  • 我国开展术后镇痛工作已20余年,但术后镇痛不足的现象仍十分普遍[32]。术后镇痛不足与阿片类药物使用时间延长、恢复时间延迟、生理功能和生活质量受损有关[33-34]

  • 研究表明,TEAS可明显改善胸腔镜手术患者的术后疼痛,提高术后睡眠质量,降低术后恶心呕吐及眩晕的发生率,促进患者术后恢复[35]。Li等[36]研究表明针灸联合早期康复训练较单纯康复训练可明显降低膝关节置换术术后疼痛强度、促进膝关节功能康复并提高患者生活质量。一项德国的研究显示,对剖宫产患者实施耳针疗法,接受耳针治疗的产妇在剖宫产当天活动的比例显著高于安慰剂组及对照组(68% vs 32% vs 20%),表明耳针疗法可通过良好的镇痛效果缩短产妇术后首次下床活动的时间,进而可早期进行照顾婴儿的日常活动[37]。通过多模式镇痛手段,有效满足患者镇痛需要,促进患者早期功能锻炼和生活质量恢复,是加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念的措施之一。综上可见,穴位刺激疗法作为多模式镇痛的辅助环节可因其良好的镇痛效果有效改善患者术后恢复质量。

  • 5 总结与展望

  • 围术期全程控制疼痛是ERAS理念下疼痛管理措施的核心,可减轻应激反应、缩短住院时间、改善术后恢复质量 [38]。穴位刺激疗法因其种类多样,适应症丰富,方便易行等优势,已在大量临床研究中显示出了围术期镇痛的确切疗效,除直接降低疼痛强度外亦可减少镇痛药物用量、促进术后恢复等。但目前不同种类穴位刺激疗法的比较研究数量甚少。此外,针对不同的手术类型,穴位刺激疗法缺乏规范的穴位选择标准,这均在一定程度上限制了其围术期的应用。未来可通过开展不同种类与不同穴位选择相比较的大样本、多中心、高质量的临床研究,推动穴位刺激疗法的规范化进程,在规范标准的基础上根据患者个体特征选择穴位与治疗方法,制定个性化方案,以促进穴位刺激疗法与现代围术期医学更好融合。

  • 本文梳理了近年来国内外开展的穴位刺激疗法围术期应用的研究,根据围术期时间划分特点将其总结为术前、术中、术后应用三个方面,可对未来的研究方向及应用选择提供一定的参考。但所纳入文献的研究时间略有参差,未来将进一步跟进该领域最新研究,并在当前基础上做进一步更新。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 上海市医学会麻醉科专科分会,上海市医学会普通外科专科分会.普通外科围手术期疼痛管理上海专家共识(2020版)[J].中国实用外科杂志,2021,41(1):31-37.

    • [2] Liu L,Zhao GQ,Dou YC,et al.Analgesic effects of perioperative acupuncture methods:a narrative review[J].Medicine,2023,102(43):e35759.

    • [3] 徐培,阚厚铭,程志祥,等.针刺疗法在术后疼痛治疗中的应用现状[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2021,27(5):372-375.

    • [4] 杨毅捷,王鑫,房庆鹏,等.经皮穴位电刺激联合厚朴三物汤对膝单髁关节置换术后胃肠功能的影响[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2024,30(1):55-59.

    • [5] 王倩,包永欣.针刺镇痛原理探析[J].中华中医药杂志,2019,34(10):4911-4913.

    • [6] Zhao ZQ.Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia[J].Prog Neurobiol,2008,85(4):355-375.

    • [7] Zhang B,Shi HJ,Cao SN,et al.Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms:a literature review[J].Biosci Trends,2022,16(1):73-90.

    • [8] Wang Y,Gehringer R,Mousa SA,et al.CXCL10 controls inflammatory pain via opioid peptide-containing macrophages in electroacupuncture[J].PLoS One,2014,9(4):e94696.

    • [9] 韩春莹,包锁柱,韩仁海,等.针刺镇痛在围术期多模式镇痛领域中的应用价值[J].内蒙古医学杂志,2019,51(7):803-805.

    • [10] Su TF,Zhao YQ,Zhang LH,et al.Electroacupuncture reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in inflamed skin tissues through activation of cannabinoid CB2 receptors[J].Eur J Pain,2012,16(5):624-635.

    • [11] Coura LEF,Manoel CHU,Poffo R,et al.Randomised,controlled study of preoperative electroacupuncture for postoperative pain control after cardiac surgery[J].Acupunct Med,2011,29(1):16-20.

    • [12] Wang H,Xie Y,Zhang Q,et al.Transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation reduces intra-operative remifentanil consumption and alleviates postoperative side-effects in patients undergoing sinusotomy:a prospective,randomized,placebo-controlled trial[J].Br J Anaesth,2014,112(6):1075-1082.

    • [13] Lu ZH,Wang Q,Sun XD,et al.Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation before surgery reduces chronic pain after mastectomy:a randomized clinical trial[J].J Clin Anesth,2021,74:110453.

    • [14] Stamenkovic DM,Rancic NK,Latas MB,et al.Preoperative anxiety and implications on postoperative recovery:what can we do to change our history[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2018,84(11):1307-1317.

    • [15] Zanella S,Buccelletti F,Vassiliadis A,et al.Preoperative anxiety management:acupuncture vs.pharmacological treatment-A prospective study[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2022,26(3):900-905.

    • [16] Lu LY,Hu JM,Wang GC,et al.Comparison of femoral nerve block and acupuncture analgesia for acute preoperative pain in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture:a retrospective study[J].Am J Transl Res,2022,14(2):1076-1083.

    • [17] Hartmann FVG,Novaes MRCG,de Carvalho MR.Femoral nerve block versus intravenous fentanyl in adult patients with hip fractures-a systematic review[J].Braz J Anesthesiol,2017,67(1):67-71.

    • [18] 李荣华,蒋蕴智,蒋晨浩,等.颊针疗法在髋部骨折手术麻醉体位摆放过程中镇痛效果的临床研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2022,56(6):59-62.

    • [19] Grant MC,Chappell D,Gan TJ,et al.Pain management and opioid stewardship in adult cardiac surgery:joint consensus report of the PeriOperative Quality Initiative and the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Society[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2023,166(6):1695-1706.e2.

    • [20] Huang S,Peng WP,Tian X,et al.Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation at different frequencies on perioperative anesthetic dosage,recovery,complications,and prognosis in video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy:a randomized,double-blinded,placebo-controlled trial[J].J Anesth,2017,31(1):58-65.

    • [21] 彭文平,黄舜,梁汉生,等.经皮电刺激不同穴位对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术中阿片类药物节俭作用的比较[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2014,34(1):62-64.

    • [22] Stasiowski MJ,Szumera I,Wardas P,et al.Adequacy of anesthesia and pupillometry for endoscopic sinus surgery[J].J Clin Med,2021,10(20):4683.

    • [23] Ismail SA,Atef HM,Abuelnaga ME,et al.Unilateral acupuncture reduces postoperative pain scores in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy:a randomized controlled trial[J].J Pain Res,2021,14:273-283.

    • [24] Jiang YY,Wu L,Wang Y,et al.Effects of Press Needling combined with general anesthesia on postoperative analgesia in thoracoscopic pulmonary resection for lung cancer:a randomized,single-blind,controlled trial[J].Complement Ther Med,2023,77:102980.

    • [25] Kehlet H,Jensen TS,Woolf CJ.Persistent postsurgical pain:risk factors and prevention[J].Lancet,2006,367(9522):1618-1625.

    • [26] Baldawi M,McKelvey G,Patel VR,et al.Battlefield acupuncture use for perioperative anesthesia in veterans affairs surgical patients:a single-center randomized controlled trial[J].J Integr Complement Med,2022,28(8):683-688.

    • [27] Du BL,Xu ZM,Zhong X.Electroacupuncture for postoperative pain in mixed hemorrhoids:a meta-analysis[J].Medicine,2022,101(50):e32247.

    • [28] Cheng SI,Kelleher DC,DeMeo D,et al.Intraoperative acupuncture as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen to reduce opioid usage after total knee arthroplasty:a prospective cohort trial[J].Med Acupunct,2022,34(1):49-57.

    • [29] Szmit M,Agrawal S,Gożdzik W,et al.Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation reduces postoperative analgesic requirement in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair:a randomized,placebo-controlled study[J].J Clin Med,2021,10(1):146.

    • [30] 林舜艳,尹正录,高巨,等.针药复合麻醉对老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍及炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2014,34(7):795-799.

    • [31] Li HJ,Wang B,Chen CY.Acupuncture around the greater tuberosity of the femur combined with acupuncture at Xuehai acupoint alleviates the postoperative pain of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(7):8372-8378.

    • [32] 张晓光,郄文斌,屠伟峰,等.围术期目标导向全程镇痛管理中国专家共识(2021版)[J].中华疼痛学杂志,2021,17(2):119-125.

    • [33] Liu QR,Ji MH,Dai YC,et al.Predictors of Acute Postsurgical Pain following Gastrointestinal Surgery:a Prospective Cohort Study[J].Pain Res Manag,2021,2021:6668152.

    • [34] Tai YH,Wu HL,Lin SP,et al.Influential factors of postoperative pain trajectories in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia:a single-centre cohort study in Taiwan [J].BMJ Open,2019,9(11):e031936.

    • [35] Song BJ,Chang YY,Li Y,et al.Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on the postoperative sleep quality and pain of patients after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery:a prospective,randomized controlled trial[J].Nat Sci Sleep,2020,12:809-819.

    • [36] Li RZ,Xu ZD,Li YK,et al.Effect of acupuncture combined with early rehabilitation training on postoperative dysfunction and quality of life of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(6):6407-6414.

    • [37] Usichenko TI,Henkel BJ,Klausenitz C,et al.Effectiveness of acupuncture for pain control after cesarean delivery:a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Netw Open,2022,5(2):e220517.

    • [38] 郭浩,冉然.围术期镇痛的研究进展[J].中国现代手术学杂志,2020,24(6):470-474.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 上海市医学会麻醉科专科分会,上海市医学会普通外科专科分会.普通外科围手术期疼痛管理上海专家共识(2020版)[J].中国实用外科杂志,2021,41(1):31-37.

    • [2] Liu L,Zhao GQ,Dou YC,et al.Analgesic effects of perioperative acupuncture methods:a narrative review[J].Medicine,2023,102(43):e35759.

    • [3] 徐培,阚厚铭,程志祥,等.针刺疗法在术后疼痛治疗中的应用现状[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2021,27(5):372-375.

    • [4] 杨毅捷,王鑫,房庆鹏,等.经皮穴位电刺激联合厚朴三物汤对膝单髁关节置换术后胃肠功能的影响[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2024,30(1):55-59.

    • [5] 王倩,包永欣.针刺镇痛原理探析[J].中华中医药杂志,2019,34(10):4911-4913.

    • [6] Zhao ZQ.Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia[J].Prog Neurobiol,2008,85(4):355-375.

    • [7] Zhang B,Shi HJ,Cao SN,et al.Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms:a literature review[J].Biosci Trends,2022,16(1):73-90.

    • [8] Wang Y,Gehringer R,Mousa SA,et al.CXCL10 controls inflammatory pain via opioid peptide-containing macrophages in electroacupuncture[J].PLoS One,2014,9(4):e94696.

    • [9] 韩春莹,包锁柱,韩仁海,等.针刺镇痛在围术期多模式镇痛领域中的应用价值[J].内蒙古医学杂志,2019,51(7):803-805.

    • [10] Su TF,Zhao YQ,Zhang LH,et al.Electroacupuncture reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in inflamed skin tissues through activation of cannabinoid CB2 receptors[J].Eur J Pain,2012,16(5):624-635.

    • [11] Coura LEF,Manoel CHU,Poffo R,et al.Randomised,controlled study of preoperative electroacupuncture for postoperative pain control after cardiac surgery[J].Acupunct Med,2011,29(1):16-20.

    • [12] Wang H,Xie Y,Zhang Q,et al.Transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation reduces intra-operative remifentanil consumption and alleviates postoperative side-effects in patients undergoing sinusotomy:a prospective,randomized,placebo-controlled trial[J].Br J Anaesth,2014,112(6):1075-1082.

    • [13] Lu ZH,Wang Q,Sun XD,et al.Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation before surgery reduces chronic pain after mastectomy:a randomized clinical trial[J].J Clin Anesth,2021,74:110453.

    • [14] Stamenkovic DM,Rancic NK,Latas MB,et al.Preoperative anxiety and implications on postoperative recovery:what can we do to change our history[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2018,84(11):1307-1317.

    • [15] Zanella S,Buccelletti F,Vassiliadis A,et al.Preoperative anxiety management:acupuncture vs.pharmacological treatment-A prospective study[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2022,26(3):900-905.

    • [16] Lu LY,Hu JM,Wang GC,et al.Comparison of femoral nerve block and acupuncture analgesia for acute preoperative pain in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture:a retrospective study[J].Am J Transl Res,2022,14(2):1076-1083.

    • [17] Hartmann FVG,Novaes MRCG,de Carvalho MR.Femoral nerve block versus intravenous fentanyl in adult patients with hip fractures-a systematic review[J].Braz J Anesthesiol,2017,67(1):67-71.

    • [18] 李荣华,蒋蕴智,蒋晨浩,等.颊针疗法在髋部骨折手术麻醉体位摆放过程中镇痛效果的临床研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2022,56(6):59-62.

    • [19] Grant MC,Chappell D,Gan TJ,et al.Pain management and opioid stewardship in adult cardiac surgery:joint consensus report of the PeriOperative Quality Initiative and the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Society[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2023,166(6):1695-1706.e2.

    • [20] Huang S,Peng WP,Tian X,et al.Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation at different frequencies on perioperative anesthetic dosage,recovery,complications,and prognosis in video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy:a randomized,double-blinded,placebo-controlled trial[J].J Anesth,2017,31(1):58-65.

    • [21] 彭文平,黄舜,梁汉生,等.经皮电刺激不同穴位对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术中阿片类药物节俭作用的比较[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2014,34(1):62-64.

    • [22] Stasiowski MJ,Szumera I,Wardas P,et al.Adequacy of anesthesia and pupillometry for endoscopic sinus surgery[J].J Clin Med,2021,10(20):4683.

    • [23] Ismail SA,Atef HM,Abuelnaga ME,et al.Unilateral acupuncture reduces postoperative pain scores in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy:a randomized controlled trial[J].J Pain Res,2021,14:273-283.

    • [24] Jiang YY,Wu L,Wang Y,et al.Effects of Press Needling combined with general anesthesia on postoperative analgesia in thoracoscopic pulmonary resection for lung cancer:a randomized,single-blind,controlled trial[J].Complement Ther Med,2023,77:102980.

    • [25] Kehlet H,Jensen TS,Woolf CJ.Persistent postsurgical pain:risk factors and prevention[J].Lancet,2006,367(9522):1618-1625.

    • [26] Baldawi M,McKelvey G,Patel VR,et al.Battlefield acupuncture use for perioperative anesthesia in veterans affairs surgical patients:a single-center randomized controlled trial[J].J Integr Complement Med,2022,28(8):683-688.

    • [27] Du BL,Xu ZM,Zhong X.Electroacupuncture for postoperative pain in mixed hemorrhoids:a meta-analysis[J].Medicine,2022,101(50):e32247.

    • [28] Cheng SI,Kelleher DC,DeMeo D,et al.Intraoperative acupuncture as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen to reduce opioid usage after total knee arthroplasty:a prospective cohort trial[J].Med Acupunct,2022,34(1):49-57.

    • [29] Szmit M,Agrawal S,Gożdzik W,et al.Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation reduces postoperative analgesic requirement in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair:a randomized,placebo-controlled study[J].J Clin Med,2021,10(1):146.

    • [30] 林舜艳,尹正录,高巨,等.针药复合麻醉对老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍及炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2014,34(7):795-799.

    • [31] Li HJ,Wang B,Chen CY.Acupuncture around the greater tuberosity of the femur combined with acupuncture at Xuehai acupoint alleviates the postoperative pain of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(7):8372-8378.

    • [32] 张晓光,郄文斌,屠伟峰,等.围术期目标导向全程镇痛管理中国专家共识(2021版)[J].中华疼痛学杂志,2021,17(2):119-125.

    • [33] Liu QR,Ji MH,Dai YC,et al.Predictors of Acute Postsurgical Pain following Gastrointestinal Surgery:a Prospective Cohort Study[J].Pain Res Manag,2021,2021:6668152.

    • [34] Tai YH,Wu HL,Lin SP,et al.Influential factors of postoperative pain trajectories in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia:a single-centre cohort study in Taiwan [J].BMJ Open,2019,9(11):e031936.

    • [35] Song BJ,Chang YY,Li Y,et al.Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on the postoperative sleep quality and pain of patients after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery:a prospective,randomized controlled trial[J].Nat Sci Sleep,2020,12:809-819.

    • [36] Li RZ,Xu ZD,Li YK,et al.Effect of acupuncture combined with early rehabilitation training on postoperative dysfunction and quality of life of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty[J].Am J Transl Res,2021,13(6):6407-6414.

    • [37] Usichenko TI,Henkel BJ,Klausenitz C,et al.Effectiveness of acupuncture for pain control after cesarean delivery:a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Netw Open,2022,5(2):e220517.

    • [38] 郭浩,冉然.围术期镇痛的研究进展[J].中国现代手术学杂志,2020,24(6):470-474.

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