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通讯作者:

陈明,E-mail:cmtjnk@sina.com

中图分类号:R656

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2023.05.025

参考文献 1
Lee W,Kwon SB,Cho SH,et al.Glomus tumor of the hand[J].Arch Plast Surg,2015,42(3):295-301.
参考文献 2
Nekkanti S,Meka A,Shashikiran R,et al.A rare case of Glomus Tumor of the Thenar Eminence of the Hand Misdiagnosed as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome[J].J Orthop Case Rep,2016,6(3):43-45.
参考文献 3
Venkatachalam MA,Greally JG.Fine structure of Glomus tumor:similarity of glomus cells to smooth muscle[J].Cancer,1969,23(5):1176-1184.
参考文献 4
Rossi UG,Rutigliani M,Paparo F,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor:endoscopy,MD-CT and pathologic features[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2021,44(1):35-36.
参考文献 5
Yoshida H,Asada M,Marusawa H.Gastrointestinal:Glomus tumor:a rare submucosal tumor of the stomach[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2019,34(5):815.
参考文献 6
Alsahwan AG,Alfaraj ZM,AlSafwani J,et al.Rare gastric neoplasm:malignant Glomus tumor of the stomach.A case report[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2021,81:105802.
参考文献 7
Girard N,Marin C,Hélias-Rodzewicz Z,et al.CARMN-NOTCH2 fusion transcript drives high NOTCH2 expression in glomus tumors of the upper digestive tract[J].Genes Chromosomes Cancer,2021,60(11):723-732.
参考文献 8
Agaram NP,Zhang L,Jungbluth AA,et al.A molecular reappraisal of Glomus tumors and related pericytic neoplasms with emphasis on NOTCH-gene fusions[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2020,44(11):1556-1562.
参考文献 9
Tsagkataki ES,Flamourakis ME,Gkionis IG,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor:acase report and review of the literature[J].J Med Case Rep,2021,15(1):415.
参考文献 10
Mravic M,LaChaud G,Nguyen A,et al.Clinical and histopathological diagnosis of Glomus tumor:an institutional experience of 138 cases[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2015,23(3):181-188.
参考文献 11
邝胜利,白冰,周炳喜,等.胃血管球瘤影像学表现[J].中国医学影像技术,2021,37(10):1590-1592
参考文献 12
Kato S,Kikuchi K,Chinen,et al.Diagnostic utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for Glomus tumor of the stomach[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(22):7052-7058.
参考文献 13
Pizzillo I A,Fang C,Sun W,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor diagnosed by fine needle aspiration of the stomach:a report of two cases and review of the literature[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2022,50(3):E100-E106.
参考文献 14
Gombos Z,Zhang P J.Glomus tumor[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2008,132(9):1448-1452.
参考文献 15
Xing JJ,Huang WP,Wang F,et al.Computed tomography features and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric Glomus tumor[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2022,22(1):174.
参考文献 16
Pansa A,Samà L,Ruspi L,et al.Glomus tumor of the stomach:a systematic review and illustrative case report[J].Dig Dis,2023,41(1):17-33.
参考文献 17
Pelin Y,Zuhal G,Sema AD,et al.Glomus tumor of the stomach[J].Turkish J Surg,2018,34(1):62-64.
参考文献 18
Papke DJ Jr,Sholl LM,Doyle LA,et al.Gastroesophageal Glomus tumors:clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analysis of 26 cases with a proposal for malignancy criteria[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2022,46(10):1436-1446.
参考文献 19
杨倩倩,郭凌川,干文娟,等.胃血管球瘤6例临床病理分析[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2022,38(2):216-218.
参考文献 20
Rodríguez-Justo M,Aramburu-González JA,Santonja C.Glomangiosarcoma of abdominal wall[J].Virchows Arch,2001,438(4):418-420.
参考文献 21
方航荣,段瑛,陈琳,等.胃血管球瘤4例临床病理分析及文献复习[J].诊断病理学杂志,2022,29(7):590-592
目录contents

    摘要

    胃血管球瘤是一种罕见的起源于胃动静脉吻合壁的一种软组织间叶源性肿瘤,常因缺乏特异性症状及影像学表现而不易诊断。本文回顾1例胃血管球瘤继行远端胃切除术的临床病例并复习相关文献,以期提升对此类疾病的认识。

  • 1 临床资料

  • 患者,女,34岁,因“黑便两天”入院。查体上腹部轻压痛。无相关既往史及个人史。血常规示:红细胞2.47×1012/L,血红蛋白75 g/L;便潜血:4+;胃肠超声:胃腔内中等回声团,性质待查。胃镜检查:胃窦大弯侧后壁可见一枚黏膜隆起,直径约4 cm,顶端见一深凹溃疡,范围约1.2 cm×0.4 cm(图1a、1b)。胃镜病理:胃窦黏膜组织慢性炎症(+),活动性(+),肠化(+),萎缩(-),幽门螺杆菌(-);伴溃疡。免疫组化:P53(少数细胞弱+),CKpan(-)。超声内镜检查示:病变呈低回声团块,内部回声较均匀,边界清晰,切面大小约32.3 mm×19.2 mm,起源于固有肌层,多普勒扫查可见少量血流信号,考虑胃窦大弯低回声团块(不除外间质瘤)(图1c、1d)。上腹部平扫CT:胃窦部见一类圆形软组织肿块突入胃腔,密度均匀,大小约25 mm×20 mm×32 mm,边界较清,胃窦部壁可疑增厚(图2a)。腹部增强CT示:胃窦部可见椭圆形团块影突入腔内,大小约25 mm×20 mm×32 mm,边界较清,呈明显不均匀强化,动脉期病灶不均匀强化,在门脉期强化程度达峰值,延迟期强化程度减低(图2b)。考虑肿瘤性病变,胃间质瘤可能性较大。本例手术前诊断为胃窦固有肌层来源肿物(疑似胃间质瘤)。

  • 2 治疗结果

  • 完善术前准备后行腹腔镜远端胃切除术+胃十二指肠毕Ⅰ式吻合术+腹腔引流术。探查见胃窦中实性占位病变,直径约3~4 cm,结合胃镜、影像学检查,术中考虑为胃间质瘤,因肿物较大防止术后幽门狭窄决定采取此术式。部分胃切除标本检查可见:胃大弯长12 cm,胃小弯长7 cm,上切端直径4.5 cm,下切端直径2.5 cm,距下切端2.5 cm黏膜下见一肿物,大小3.5 cm×3 cm×2.5 cm,切面质中、灰褐色,周围部分胃壁增厚,厚约1 cm。

  • 胃大部病理:(胃大部)胃血管球瘤。肿瘤位于黏膜下,于胃黏膜侧形成溃疡,溃疡处伴有渗出及坏死。肿瘤内部纤维增生及出血,未见明确病理性核分裂像(图2c、2d)。两侧切缘均(-);病理免疫組化染色示:SMA(大部分+),desmin(-),S-100(-),CD34(血管+),CD117(-),DoG-1(-),Ki67(2%+),Calbonin(局灶+),Syn+(部分),CgA(-),CKpan(-)。术后病例诊断为:(胃大部)胃血管球瘤。予常规治疗,恢复顺利,于术后9 d出院,随诊5个月,患者状态较好。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 概述

  • 1812年,Wood首次发现血管球瘤并将其描述为“疼痛性皮下结节”[1]。1920年,Masson从组织病理学角度准确描述了该肿瘤的病理解剖且将其命名为血管球瘤[2]。血管球瘤(glomus tumor,GT)是由变异平滑肌细胞环绕毛细血管形成的罕见肿瘤,约占软组织肿瘤的2%[3],常见于肢体远端的皮下及周围浅表软组织中,胃原发GT罕见,约占所有胃良性肿瘤的1%[4-5],占胃间质瘤(gastric stromal tumor,GIST)发病率的1%[6]。其发病机制和病因尚不十分清晰,已知胃血管球瘤(gastric glomus tumor,GGT)与NOTCH2、1P21-22、CARMN、MIR143等基因有关[7-8],GGT临床症状无特异性,本例由上消化道出血、黑便为主要症状表现,多见于50~60岁的中老年女性的胃窦或幽门部的胃黏膜层、黏膜下层(最多见)及浆膜层,也可位于肌层中[9]。内镜下GGT多为边界清晰的无包膜灰红色或暗红色结节,周围常有扩张静脉,黏膜表面可见糜烂或溃疡,大小约在0.8~11.0 cm之间,多表现为单发的深部肿瘤[10],本例与以往高回声GGT不同,易与GIST混淆[11]。CT平扫与其他胃内肿瘤表现类似,增强CT示:动脉期呈斑片状明显强化,门脉期及延迟期持续强化,并向中心填充提示含丰富的血管成分,多在门脉期达峰值。实体型强化峰值出现在动脉期;血管瘤型则在门脉期。本例属于血管瘤型,超声内镜表现为不均匀、多血管的低回声包块,内部可有高回声点和管状结构,且多位于胃壁的第3、4层[6]

  • 图1 胃血管球瘤胃镜及超声内镜检查

  • 图2 胃血管球瘤平扫、增强CT及组织病理学检查

  • 3.2 病理学诊断

  • 组织病理学检查和免疫组织化学是诊断GT的金标准。临床可通过EUS引导下细针穿刺活检术或上消化道内窥镜夹取病理组织进行诊断[12-13]。镜下GT可见圆形、多角形或立方形的血管球细胞呈巢团状或弥散片状分布于薄壁小血管周围并被纤维组织分隔包绕,细胞大小均匀,排列规则,胞质淡染、嗜酸或透亮,细胞核多呈圆形或卵圆形,少有多形性及有丝分裂,细胞间质可伴有黏液样变性或玻璃样变性,偶见骨化或钙化[14]。Ki-67增殖指数为1%~5%(平均3%),恶性GGT增殖相关抗原指数ki67多为30%+[15],与本例一致。

  • GT根据血管球细胞、小血管和平滑肌的相对比例可分为:1)固有球瘤:约占GT总数的75%,界限清楚,由结节状或片状血管球细胞围绕毛细血管排列构成;2)球血管瘤:又称血管球-静脉畸形,占20%左右,界限不清,主要由扩张的海绵状静脉血管伴少量小簇状球细胞构成;3)球血管肌瘤:较少见,由球细胞向梭形成熟平滑肌细胞转变的过渡细胞构成。

  • 3.3 鉴别诊断

  • 临床上胃内肿物类型多样,GGT需要与以下疾病等相鉴别:1)GIST是胃肠道发病率最高的黏膜下间叶软组织肉瘤,以胃底贲门部及胃窦部固有肌层居多,有恶变潜能。GIST多为包膜不完整的圆形包块,可伴坏死、出血及囊性变。镜下可见梭形细胞及上皮样细胞,缺乏窦隙状血管,95%的GIST中CD117、DOG-1呈阳性,与GGT相反。2)神经内分泌肿瘤(NEN)多见于黏膜层和黏膜下层,Calponin、SMA、Vimentin(-),CgA、Syn、CD56(+),上皮样瘤细胞呈巢团状或梁索状排列,可见胡椒盐样染色质。3)副神经节瘤:肿瘤多实性,包膜完整,血管丰富。显微镜下可见簇状不规则多角形细胞,免疫组化示CgA、S-100、Syn(+),SMA(-)。4)胃脂肪瘤:来源于胃间质的由脂肪组织和纤维组织组成的罕见良性肿瘤,多位于胃窦部及胃体部。90%~95%位于黏膜下层。胃镜下可见黏膜下淡黄色肿块,基底宽,偶尔有蒂。镜下可见脂肪细胞,胞浆内充满脂滴,亦可见多角形空泡状细胞,免疫示S-100(+);Vimentin(+)。5)胃神经鞘瘤(GS):起源于胃肠壁施万细胞的间叶源性肿瘤,病灶周围常见淋巴细胞套,镜下主要表现为界限不清的小梁状或条索状分布的梭形细胞,胞质红染,核纤细,核分裂象较罕见。免疫组化S-100、SOX-10和Vimentin阳性表达,CD117、DOG-1、CD34、SMA、desmin为阴性,Ki-67增殖指数是1%~10%。6)平滑肌瘤(GLMs):好发于食管贲门部固有肌层、黏膜下层及黏膜平滑肌层,为良性病变,多见束状或编织状排列的梭形细胞,一般没有瘤细胞环绕在薄壁血管周围。免疫组织化学与GT基本一致,C-KIT(-)或低表达、DOG-1(-)或低表达、S-100(-)、CD117(-)、CD34(-),SMA、desmin和actin(+)。7)胃类癌:指起源于胃黏膜肠嗜铬样细胞的恶性肿瘤,多见于胃底及胃体部,少数患者可有呼吸困难、皮肤潮红、腹泻、多汗、情绪异常等类癌综合征。瘤体大时可累及胃壁全层,偶有中心坏死溃疡,并可发生肝脏及区域淋巴结转移。镜下可见小而均匀的多边形或立方形细胞呈巢状或小梁状混合性生长,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核分裂罕见。神经元特异性烯醇酶NSE和CgA阳性。8)原发性胃淋巴瘤(PGL):原发于胃起源于黏膜下层淋巴组织的恶性肿瘤,好发于胃窦及胃体,可累及胃壁全层。CT见胃壁弥漫性增厚,病灶强化程度低于正常胃组织,可有血管漂浮征、轨道征及黏膜白线征,常伴淋巴结多处转移。内镜可表现为溃疡型、弥漫浸润型和隆起型病变。内镜窄带成像术(NBI)可见病灶处微血管呈“树样改变”。9)孤立性纤维性肿瘤:指毛细血管壁外的周细胞被大量网状纤维包的梭形间叶源性细胞瘤,好发于下肢及腹膜后,镜下见席纹样排列的梭形细胞被大量的网状纤维包裹,CD34、CD99、Leu-7、bcl-2、Vimentin阳性,SMA、CD117、DOG-1、desmin、S-100阴性。10)异位胰腺(HP):指与正常胰腺组织无解剖学、神经或血管联系的胰腺组织。CT可表现为黏膜下密度与正常胰腺组织相等或稍低的边缘浅分叶卵圆形或结节形团块影,胃镜可见黏膜下皱襞连续的不可移动的半球状隆起样组织,可伴中央脐凹样改变,有恶变潜能。11)胃母细胞瘤:罕见的胃原发双向分化的肿瘤,多于胃窦固有肌层出现,由巢状上皮细胞及梭形细胞组成。

  • 3.4 治疗方法

  • GT当尽早手术切除,病位边缘阴性即可,无需清扫及切除淋巴结[16],恶性GGT术后当辅以放化疗及长期随访[9]。内镜黏膜下剥离术、内镜下全层切除术、开放式或腹腔镜的胃大部切除术或楔形切除术均可选择。

  • 3.5 预后

  • GGT多为良性,基本不发生转移,复发率约为10%,预后较好[17],恶变潜质占比<1%,多位置较深,复发、转移的风险在25%~40%,目前已有转移至脑、肺、肾、肝、骨、皮肤的报道[14],临床预后差。当GT表现符合中度~高度核异型性和任何数量水平的核分裂细胞或非典型病理性核分裂即为恶性血管球瘤/血管球肉瘤。恶性细胞镜下多呈上皮样改变,胞核明显增大,有丝分裂明显,细胞异质性显著。David等[18]认为具有细胞异型性和有丝分裂≥2/10高倍视野(HPF)或肿瘤直径≥5 cm更能区分良恶性GGT,在胃GT上更为显著[19]。另外Bcl-2、Ki-67以及p53可协助判断GGT的良恶性[20]。恶性潜能未定的GT需符合下列一条:位置表浅但核分裂像>5/50 HPF或肿瘤直径>2 cm或处于实质脏器内或筋膜下[21]

  • 总之,GGT临床症状及辅助检查表现缺乏特征性,临床诊断困难,需依赖影像、病理及免疫组化确诊。当发现黏膜下肿瘤时,应考虑GGT的可能性,避免因误诊及过度治疗。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Lee W,Kwon SB,Cho SH,et al.Glomus tumor of the hand[J].Arch Plast Surg,2015,42(3):295-301.

    • [2] Nekkanti S,Meka A,Shashikiran R,et al.A rare case of Glomus Tumor of the Thenar Eminence of the Hand Misdiagnosed as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome[J].J Orthop Case Rep,2016,6(3):43-45.

    • [3] Venkatachalam MA,Greally JG.Fine structure of Glomus tumor:similarity of glomus cells to smooth muscle[J].Cancer,1969,23(5):1176-1184.

    • [4] Rossi UG,Rutigliani M,Paparo F,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor:endoscopy,MD-CT and pathologic features[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2021,44(1):35-36.

    • [5] Yoshida H,Asada M,Marusawa H.Gastrointestinal:Glomus tumor:a rare submucosal tumor of the stomach[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2019,34(5):815.

    • [6] Alsahwan AG,Alfaraj ZM,AlSafwani J,et al.Rare gastric neoplasm:malignant Glomus tumor of the stomach.A case report[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2021,81:105802.

    • [7] Girard N,Marin C,Hélias-Rodzewicz Z,et al.CARMN-NOTCH2 fusion transcript drives high NOTCH2 expression in glomus tumors of the upper digestive tract[J].Genes Chromosomes Cancer,2021,60(11):723-732.

    • [8] Agaram NP,Zhang L,Jungbluth AA,et al.A molecular reappraisal of Glomus tumors and related pericytic neoplasms with emphasis on NOTCH-gene fusions[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2020,44(11):1556-1562.

    • [9] Tsagkataki ES,Flamourakis ME,Gkionis IG,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor:acase report and review of the literature[J].J Med Case Rep,2021,15(1):415.

    • [10] Mravic M,LaChaud G,Nguyen A,et al.Clinical and histopathological diagnosis of Glomus tumor:an institutional experience of 138 cases[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2015,23(3):181-188.

    • [11] 邝胜利,白冰,周炳喜,等.胃血管球瘤影像学表现[J].中国医学影像技术,2021,37(10):1590-1592

    • [12] Kato S,Kikuchi K,Chinen,et al.Diagnostic utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for Glomus tumor of the stomach[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(22):7052-7058.

    • [13] Pizzillo I A,Fang C,Sun W,et al.Gastric Glomus tumor diagnosed by fine needle aspiration of the stomach:a report of two cases and review of the literature[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2022,50(3):E100-E106.

    • [14] Gombos Z,Zhang P J.Glomus tumor[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2008,132(9):1448-1452.

    • [15] Xing JJ,Huang WP,Wang F,et al.Computed tomography features and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric Glomus tumor[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2022,22(1):174.

    • [16] Pansa A,Samà L,Ruspi L,et al.Glomus tumor of the stomach:a systematic review and illustrative case report[J].Dig Dis,2023,41(1):17-33.

    • [17] Pelin Y,Zuhal G,Sema AD,et al.Glomus tumor of the stomach[J].Turkish J Surg,2018,34(1):62-64.

    • [18] Papke DJ Jr,Sholl LM,Doyle LA,et al.Gastroesophageal Glomus tumors:clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analysis of 26 cases with a proposal for malignancy criteria[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2022,46(10):1436-1446.

    • [19] 杨倩倩,郭凌川,干文娟,等.胃血管球瘤6例临床病理分析[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2022,38(2):216-218.

    • [20] Rodríguez-Justo M,Aramburu-González JA,Santonja C.Glomangiosarcoma of abdominal wall[J].Virchows Arch,2001,438(4):418-420.

    • [21] 方航荣,段瑛,陈琳,等.胃血管球瘤4例临床病理分析及文献复习[J].诊断病理学杂志,2022,29(7):590-592

图1 胃血管球瘤胃镜及超声内镜检查

图2 胃血管球瘤平扫、增强CT及组织病理学检查

图表 1/1

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    • [21] 方航荣,段瑛,陈琳,等.胃血管球瘤4例临床病理分析及文献复习[J].诊断病理学杂志,2022,29(7):590-592

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